1. Grammar Book
Amelia Sanders

2. Table Of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem changers
3. Para
4. IOP
5. Pronoun placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmitive and negative words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative commands and irregulars
11. Negative commands and irregulars
12. Sequencing events

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changers
Almorzar O>UE Pedir E>I
Almuezo Almorzamos Pido Pedimos
Almuezas Almorzaís Pides Pedís
Almueza Almuerzan Pide Piden
Pensar E>IE Jugar U>UE
Pienso Penamos Juego Jugamos
Piensas Penaís Juegas Jugaís
piensa Pienan Juega Juegan

5. Para
Para means “for”
• Indicates the recipients of an item
• Indicates a purpose
• Indicates an implied purpose
• Used with an infinitive to mean “in order to do something”

6. IOP
Me/Nos Tú/Vos Le/Les

7. Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

8. Gustarlike”
Gustar means “to
me gusta nos gusta
te gusta os gusta
le gusta les gusta
• When you talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar
to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.
• Singular:
• Me gusta la idea
• Nos gusta la idea
• Plural:
• Me gustan las personas
• Nos gustan las personas
• The form of gustar matches the noun, not the speaker.

9. Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative Negative
• Algo – something • Nada – nothing
• Alguien – someone • Nadie – no one
• Algún/alguno(a) – same • Ningún/ninguno(a) – none; not any
• Siempre – always • Nunca – never
• También – also • Tampoco – neither; either
Notes
• If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative. A double
negative is required in Spanish when no precedes the verb.
• No qiero nada – I don’t want anything
• Carlos no quiere ninguno – Carlos doesn’t want any
• If a negative word such as nunca or nadie comes before the verb, a second
negative is not needed

10. Superlatives
• Isimo/isimos isima/isimas
• Suffixes added to adjectives/adverbs
• Equal to extremely/very before an adjective or adverb
• Adjective/adverb ending in –c/-g/-z change spelling to
qu/gu/c
Difícil Dificilsimo
Feliz felicisimo
Malo Malisimo

11. Reflexives
•Used to describe people doing things for themselves
•Example: washing yourself, combing your hair.
•Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to indicate that
the subject of the sentence receives an action of the verb.
•Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. If
there is no reflexive pronoun the subject does not receive the
action.
•When using the infinitive form of a reflexive verb after a
conjugated verb, the correct reflexive pronoun must be used.

12. Affirmitive Tú Commands
• To give instructions or
commands
Caminar Camina Camina en el parque Irregulars
Come toda la Infinitive Affirmitive tú command
Comer Come hamburguesa.
Decir Di
Abre la puerta. Hacer Haz
Abrir Abre Quiero entrar. Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser
Pronoun Placement Tener
Venir
Se
Ten
Ven
•When you use a pronoun with an
affirmative command, the pronoun
attaches to the command.
•Ex: ponTE otra camisa
•When using an object pronoun, attach the
pronoun to the end of the command
•Ex: Cruza el parque > Cruzalo

13. Negative Tú Commands
•Used when telling someone what NOT to do.
•Formed by taking the the you form of the
present tense, dropping the –o, and adding Pronoun
the appropriate ending.
Infinitive yo form negative tú command
Placement
•Object Pronouns precede the
Hablar hablo no hablas Verbs in negative commands,
just as with other conjugated
Volver vuelvo no vuelvas
verbs.
• Ex: No lo uses. (Don’t
Irregulars use it)
•None of the yo forms end in –o.
Infinitive (yo form) Negative tú commands
Dar (doy) No le des mi dirección a nadie.
Estar (estoy) No estés triste.
Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.

14. Sequencing Events
• Primero - first
• Entonces – then
• Luego/después – later/after
• Por fin – done
• Antes de/después de – before/after
• Por la – in/during the (time)
• Los lunes – on Mondays

15. Deber + infinitive
-should/ought to
-Debo estudiar más.
Debo Debemos
Debes
Debe Deben

16. Preterits
Ar Er/Ir
Yo -e -i
Tu -aste -iste
El/Ella -o -io
Nosotros -amos -imos
Ellos/Ellas -arron -ieron

17. Trigger Words
English Spanish english spanish
one day un dia while mientras
once una vez every day cada dia
yesterday ayer often a menudo
at night a noche many times muchas veces
a year ago hace un ano every day todos los dias
already ya always siempre
last month el mes pasado once in a while de vez un cuando
day before yesterday anteayer frequently frecuentemente
for one hour por una hora sometimes a veces
finally por fin twice dos veces
at eight a las ocho on february fifth en cinco de febrero

18. -Car, -Gar, -Zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toque Jugue Comence
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Toco Jugo Comenzo
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

19. Modal Verbs
•Two verbs that are paired together
•The first one is conjugated
•The second is left in its infinitive form
•Example: deber + infinitive
•You say “yo debo beber” not “yo
debo bebo”

20. Present Progressives
•Verbs that, in English, would end in –ing
•To conjugate:
1. Conjugate the verb “estar” to match the subject (yo)
2. Then take the verb of what you are doing (beber) and
add the suffix “-endo”
• You add the suffix “-endo” for er/ir verbs and the
suffix “-ando” for ar verbs
3. The verb then becomes “Estoy Bebendo.” or “I am
drinking.”
•In the event that there are three vowels next to each other
after conjugated and adding “-endo” change “-endo” to
“yendo”
•Example: trayendo
•When dealing with stem changing verbs, change the e to an i

21. Adverbs
•Adverbs are used to describe how something is done
•Example: sadly, slowly, calmly, etc.
•The suffix -ly we use in English, is replaced by the suffix -
mente in Spanish
•If the adjective ends in -e or a consonant, just add –mente
•Example: feliz (happy) becomes felizmente (happily)
•If the adjective ends in -o or -a then add -mente to the
feminine form
•Example: rapido (quick) becomes rapidamente
(quickly)