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Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching 200-120 02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking Models
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CCCNA R&S-02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking Models
1.
©2015 Amir Jafari
– www.amir-Jafari.com Routing and Switching 200-120 2 - The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models
2.
The TCP/IP and
OSI Networking Models ©2015 Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Agenda Basic Ideas About Computer Networking TCP/IP Networking Model OSI Networking Model Comparing OSI and TCP/IP
3.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Perspectives on Networking How you use the Internet from home high-speed Internet connection like DSL or cable TV
4.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Perspectives on Networking Enterprise Network Small Office Home Office (SOHO)
5.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Networking Model Also called either a networking architecture or networking blueprint Networks require all the devices to follow the rules The networking model defines rules about how each part of the network should work, as well as how the parts should work together The networking model refers to a comprehensive set of documents Protocol: set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate Like an architectural blueprint for building a house Vendors build their products with some networking model
6.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com History Leading to TCP/IP Systems Network Architecture (SNA) published by IBM in 1974 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model International Organization for Standardization (ISO) To standardize data networking protocols to allow communication between all computers across the entire planet TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Department of Defense (DoD) Researchers at various universities volunteered to help further develop the protocols OSI has slower formal standardization process as compared with TCP/IP
7.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com History Leading to TCP/IP
8.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model References a large collection of protocols that allow computers to communicate Requests for Comments (RFC): define a protocol Referring to standards or protocols created by other standards body or vendor consortium Layers: Help people understand a networking model, Each model breaks the functions into a small number of categories
9.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model TCP/IP actually has two alternative models The model on the left shows the original TCP/IP model listed in RFC 1122 The TCP/IP model on the right is a common method used today
10.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model TCP/IP Architectural Model and Example Protocols
11.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com TCP/IP Application Layer Provide services to the application software running on a computer The application layer does not define the application itself Provides an interface between software running on a computer and the network itself
12.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com HTTP Overview HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) HTTP defines how web browsers can pull the contents of a web page from a web server
13.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com HTTP Protocol Mechanisms Uniform Resource Locators (URL) The full version of most web addresses begins with the letters “http,” which means that HTTP is used to transfer the web pages
14.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com TCP/IP Transport Layer Transport layer protocols provide services to the application layer protocols that reside one layer higher in the TCP/IP model The two most commonly used transport layer protocols : 1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
15.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com TCP Error Recovery Basics TCP/IP needs a mechanism to guarantee delivery of data across a network To recover from errors, TCP uses the concept of acknowledgments
16.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions
17.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com TCP/IP Network Layer One major protocol: the Internet Protocol (IP) Provides several features, most importantly, addressing and routing TCP/IP defines two versions of IP: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6).
18.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Internet Protocol and the Postal Service
19.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Internet Protocol Addressing Basics TCP/IP host—needs a unique address so that it can be identified in the network Defines how to group addresses together
20.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Internet Protocol Addressing Basics This style of number is called a dotted-decimal notation (DDN) Routers are networking devices that connect the parts of the TCP/IP network together for the purpose of routing (forwarding) IP packets to the correct destination Routers make decisions based on the IP address included with the packet IP host refers to any device, regardless of size or power, that has an IP address and connects to any TCP/IP network.
21.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com IP Routing Basics The TCP/IP network layer, using the IP protocol, provides a service of forwarding IP packets from one device to another The process of forwarding the IP packet is called IP routing.
22.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com TCP/IP Link Layer (Data Link Plus Physical) defines the protocols and hardware required to deliver data across some physical network Ethernet network, implements link-layer protocols
23.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com TCP/IP Link Layer (Data Link Plus Physical) The link layer includes all the variations of Ethernet protocols, along with several other LAN standards The link layer includes wide-area network (WAN) standards for different physical media, such as the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Frame Relay The TCP/IP link layer includes two distinct functions 1. Functions related to the physical transmission of the data 2. Protocols and rules that control the use of the physical media
24.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Comparing the Original and Modern TCP/IP Models
25.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Data Encapsulation Terminology) Each layer adds its own header to the data supplied by the higher layer Encapsulation: the process of putting headers (and sometimes trailers) around some data
26.
TCP/IP Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Names of TCP/IP Messages)
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com OSI Networking Model The first large effort to create a vendor-neutral networking model OSI no longer exists as a networking model Although some of the original protocols referenced by the OSI model still exist The OSI model has many similarities to the TCP/IP model from a basic conceptual perspective
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Comparing OSI and TCP/IP
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com Describing Protocols by Referencing the OSI Layers The comparison of OSI layers to other protocol models is a general comparison of major goals, and not a comparison of the specific methods For Example, both the OSI and TCP/IP network layers define logical addressing and routing. However, the addresses have a different size, and the routing logic even works differently.
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com OSI Layers and Their Functions
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com OSI Layers and Their Functions
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com OSI Layers and Their Functions
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits Benefits of layered protocol specifications: Less complex Standard interfaces Easier to learn Easier to develop Multivendor interoperability Modular engineering
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OSI Networking Model ©2015
Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com OSI Encapsulation Terminology OSI uses a more generic term: protocol data unit (PDU)
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The TCP/IP and
OSI Networking Models ©2015 Amir Jafari – www.amir-Jafari.com References 1) Cisco Systems, Inc, www.cisco.com/ 2) Wendell Odom ,”Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide”, Cisco Press, USA, 2013
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