Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria which is spread through contaminated food or water or direct contact with infected individuals. Symptoms include sustained high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and occasionally bleeding from the intestines. The disease is most common in areas with poor sanitation and water treatment. Prevention focuses on proper hygiene like handwashing and drinking boiled water as well as vaccination in at-risk regions. While it can be serious, typhoid fever is usually treatable with antibiotics.

1. Typhoid Fever
Chapter # 06
Amjad Khan Afridi
Lecturer,
Department of Health & Biological Sciences
Abasyn University Peshawar

2. Causes
• An acute illness associated with fever caused
by the Salmonella typhi bacteria
• Also caused by the Salmonella paratyphi, a
related bacterium that usually causes a less
severe illness
• Bacteria are deposited in water or food by a
human carrier and then spread to other
people in the area

3. • Contracted by the ingestion of the bacteria in
contaminated food or water
• Bacteria multiplies in the gallbladder, bile
ducts, or liver and passes into the bowel
• Bacteria is only able to survive for weeks in
water or dried sewage
• Infection is the most common cause

4. Symptoms
• List of symptoms that may occur:
• Fever
• Headache
• Constipation
• Chills
• Sore throat
• Nosebleeds
• Joint pains
• High fever
• Tongue changes
• Thirst
• Diarrhea
• Blood in diarrhea
• Slow heartbeat

5. Transmission
• A person with typhoid fever carries the bacteria in their blood stream and
intestinal region
• Bacteria may continue to be present in the form of asymptomatic “carriers”,
who are people who have recovered from the symptoms of the disease but
continue to carry the bacteria in their body
• Once the bacteria is consumed, it multiplies and spreads into the bloodstream
• Can get typhoid fever if you eat food or drink beverages that have been
handled by a person who is shedding “Salmonelle Typhi” / typhoid fever
• OR if sewage is contaminated with S.Typhi bacteria, and is transferred in to
the water you use for drinking or washing food

6.  OR is passed from person to person through poor hygiene,
such as incomplete or no hand washing after using the toilet
 OR bacteria is passed into the stool of urine of infected
patients
 OR from people who are carriers of the disease who handles
food can be the source of epidemic spread of typhoid
 typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where
hand washing is less frequent and water is likely is likely to
be contaminated with sewage
 most patients who contract typhoid fever have recently
returned from travel to another country where typhoid is
more common; including Mexico, Peru, Chile, India, and
Pakistan

7. Locations
• Common world wide
• Occurs especially more at Asia, Africa, and
Latin America
• Less serious in industrialized regions
– United Sates
– Canada
– Western Europe
– Australia
– Japan

8. Prevention
• Keeping hygiene
• Carefully preparing food
• Washing hands
• Prevent human feces and/or urine from
contacting food/drinking water
• Stay away from such environments
• Receiving vaccines recommended by the
World Health Organization

9. Treatment
• Antibiotics reduce the probability of death
• Drops the probability from 10~30% to 1%

10. END