2. PENDAHULUAN
• 2 Jenis sistem komunikasi : Analog dan digital
• Analog: AMPS (masih digunakan hingga sekarang)
• Digital wireless network: Ada 2 tipe yaitu celluler
network pada prinsipnya untuk membawa
panggilan suara tapi sudah berkembang menjadi
membawa komunikasi data dan multimedia. Tipe
kedua yaitu digital wireless network seperti lokal
dan personal area network. Contohnya Wi-Fi dan
Bluetooth.
3. GENERASI DALAM CELLULER KOMUNIKASI
• 1G : Analog celluler network, voice, 900 MHz, modulasi analog
• 2G (circuit switching technology) : Digital celluler network yaitu
GSM, D-AMPS or IS -36 dan IS-95
• 3G (Packet-switched mode)
4.
5. Fourth Generation (4G)
• The 4G Mobile communications will be based on
the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) to ensure
the
single terminal can seamlessly and
automatically connect to the local high-speed
wireless access systems
• Based on this OWA model, 4G mobile will deliver
the best business cases to the wireless and
mobile industries, i.e.cdma2000/WLAN/GPRS 3in-1 product, WCDMA/OFDM/WLAN 3-in-1
product, etc.
6. • by open wireless architecture system, various different
wireless standards can be integrated and converged on
this open platform.
• when the users are in the offices, homes, airports or
shopping centers where the wireless access networks
(i.e. Wireless LAN, Broadband Wireless Access,
Wireless Local Loop, HomeRF, Wireless ATM, etc) are
available. When the users move to the mobile zone
(i.e. Highway, Beach, Remote area, etc.),the same
terminal can automatically switch to the wireless
mobile networks (i.e.GPRS,W-CDMA,cdma2000, TDSCDMA, etc.).
7. Advantages
• 4G are high in terms of data rates, spectral
efficiency, mobility and integration.
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is multiple access technology to be used
in 4G.
• Multi-service platform
• Low bit cost
• Open wire less Architecture(OWA)
• Multiple-input multiple-output ( MIMO )
8. Challenges
• Mobile Station
1. To be able to use 4G mobile networks a new
type of mobile terminals must be conceived.
2. The terminals must adapt to multiple wireless
networks, each with different protocols and
technologies.
3. Auto reconfiguration , so that terminals can
adapt to the different services available. It must
download automatically configuration software
from networks in range.
9. 4. terminals must be able to choose from all the
available wireless networks the one to use with a
specific service.
5. It must be aware of specifications of all the networks
in terms of bandwidth, QoS supported, costs and
respect to user preferences.
6. Terminal mobility will be a key factor to the success of
4G networks. Terminals must be able to provide
wireless services anytime, everywhere. This implies
that roaming between different networks must be
automatic and transparent to the user.
10. 7. There are two major issues in terminal mobility,
location
management
and
handoff
management.
• Location management deals with tracking user
mobility, and handling information about
original, current and (if possible) future cells.
Moreover it must deal with authentication
issues and QoS assurances.
• Handoff management primary objective is to
maintain the communications while the terminal
crosses wireless network boundaries.
11. • In addition, 4G networks, in opposition to the
other mobile generations, must deal with vertical
and horizontal handoffs, i.e., a 4G mobile client
may move between different types of wireless
networks (e.g. GSM and Wi-Fi) and between cells
of the same wireless network (e.g. moving
between adjacent GSM cells).
• Furthermore, many of the Services available in
this new mobile generation like video conference
have restrict time constraints and QoS needs that
must not be perceptible affected by handoffs.
12. • Another
major
problem
relates
to
security, since 4G pretends to join many
different types of mobile technologies. As
each standard has its own security
scheme, the key to 4G systems is to be highly
flexible.
13. • Service
1. 4G users may have different operators to
different services and, even if they have the
same operator, they can access data using
different network technologies.
2. Actual billing using flat rates, time or cost per bit
fares, may not be suitable to the new range of
services. At the same time it is necessary that
the bill is well understood by operator and
client.
14. 3. How the user can be contacted. This is very
important to mobility management. A user must
be able to be reached wherever he is, no matter
the kind of terminal that is being used.
4. The most popular being the use of a mobileagent infrastructure. In this framework, each
user has a unique identifier served by personal
mobile agents that make the link from users to
Internet.
15. • Use multiple antennas at both base station
and subscriber ends.
• Multiple antenna technologies enable high
capacities suited for Internet and multimedia
services and increase range and reliability.
16. • The target frequency band for this system is 2 to
5 GHz due to favorable propagation
characteristics and low radio-frequency (RF)
equipment cost.
• The broadband channel is typically non LOS
channel and includes impairments such as time
selective fading and frequency-selective fading.
• Multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver
provide diversity in a fading environment.
