PSM 451/ PAD 581 Maynard/Moody, Ch. 1-2 Dealing with Faces Expectation of law abidance: demand that street-level workers apply laws, rules, and administrative procedures to people’s behavior Prevalence of cultural abidance: workers’ subjective judgment of who people are, their perceived identities and moral character, often based on superficial social markers (race/ethnic, gender, religious garb/practices etc.) Tension between law and cultural abidance affect street level workers’ decision-making Street-level workers’ belief/value system often come into conflict with organizational rules and policies on the administration of public services Discretionary Decision-making State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law and predictable procedures that treat like cases the same Deviations allowed only if law adapted to circumstances in manner consistent with policy Structure of public administration designed to circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal treatment as much as possible Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw media/scholarly scrutiny E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of governance in general and law enforcement in particular Discretionary Decision-making State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law and predictable procedures that treat like cases the same Deviations allowed only if law adapted to circumstances in manner consistent with policy Structure of public administration designed to circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal treatment as much as possible Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw media/scholarly scrutiny E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of governance in general and law enforcement in particular Citizen-agent narrative Citizen-agent narrative: focuses on worker’s judgments about identities and moral character of clients and their behavior during encounters Street-level workers take risk to provide unauthorized, extraordinary assistance, or to administer services by the book, or to withhold or provide services in an abusive manner Street-level cultural judgments are inevitably part of governing the modern state “every application of a law involves further elaboration of that law” H. George Frederickson Accountability and control are fundamental to traditional view of administrative state State-agent narrative Concerned with law abidance of citizens and workers Identifying of worthy and unworthy colleagues and citizens e.g. police solidarity Workers unsure of how to act when views of worthiness, fairness, and appropriate actions and laws, rules, and policies don’t coincide Politics & Administration Role of street-level workers in administering public policy raises classic question of their influence in shaping policy and in essence governing Many scholars reject separation between politics and administration Implementation theory: gap between ...

1. PSM 451/ PAD 581
Maynard/Moody, Ch. 1-2
Dealing with Faces
Expectation of law abidance: demand that
street-level workers apply laws, rules, and
administrative procedures to people’s behavior
Prevalence of cultural abidance: workers’
subjective judgment of who people are, their
perceived identities and moral character, often
based on superficial social markers (race/ethnic,
gender, religious garb/practices etc.)
Tension between law and cultural abidance
affect street level workers’ decision-making
Street-level workers’ belief/value system often
come into conflict with organizational rules and
policies on the administration of public services
Discretionary Decision-making
State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law
and predictable procedures that treat like cases the
same
Deviations allowed only if law adapted to
circumstances in manner consistent with policy
Structure of public administration designed to
circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal

2. treatment as much as possible
Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw
media/scholarly scrutiny
E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of
governance in general and law enforcement in particular
Discretionary Decision-making
State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law
and predictable procedures that treat like cases the
same
Deviations allowed only if law adapted to
circumstances in manner consistent with policy
Structure of public administration designed to
circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal
treatment as much as possible
Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw
media/scholarly scrutiny
E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of
governance in general and law enforcement in particular
Citizen-agent narrative
Citizen-agent narrative: focuses on worker’s
judgments about identities and moral character of
clients and their behavior during encounters
Street-level workers take risk to provide unauthorized,
extraordinary assistance, or to administer services by
the book, or to withhold or provide services in an
abusive manner

3. Street-level cultural judgments are inevitably part of
governing the modern state
“every application of a law involves further elaboration of that
law” H. George Frederickson
Accountability and control are fundamental to traditional view
of administrative state
State-agent narrative
Concerned with law abidance of citizens
and workers
Identifying of worthy and unworthy
colleagues and citizens e.g. police
solidarity
Workers unsure of how to act when
views of worthiness, fairness, and
appropriate actions and laws, rules, and
policies don’t coincide
Politics & Administration
Role of street-level workers in administering
public policy raises classic question of their
influence in shaping policy and in essence
governing
Many scholars reject separation between politics
and administration
Implementation theory: gap between political
intentions and implementation represents policy
failures

4. Principal-agent theory: emphasizes hierarchy and
accountability to democratic & bureaucratic control
Conforming to rules, procedures defined as working
Deviating from rules seen as sabotage, shirking
State-agent narrative
Pattern of local case-by-case discretionary judgments
by street-level workers equivalent to making policy
Predictability and consistency seen as law-like
qualities
Street-level workers actualize public policy thus in a
sense are policymakers
Worker uses discretion to their benefit
To make work easier, safer, more rewarding sometimes at
expense of quality of service
New workers often idealistic, often encounter burnout
Exceptionalism
Used by workers to provide extraordinary
services or cut a break to select cases
determined by worker’s discretion
Workers formulate processes that allow them
to efficiently dispense services to public
Can result in favoritism, stereotyping, and
routinizing
Bureaucratic control commonly sought to
curtail discretion that is contrary to the rule of

5. law
Citizen-agent narrative
Less emphasis on predictability and consistency of
workers decision-making under this frame
Variation in handling of similar cases makes it difficult
to call actions policy
Workers stories tend to focus on citizen not the rules
When rules and judgments conflict work seen as judging
people and acting on judgments rather than fitting rules to
circumstances
Workers first make judgment about citizen-client then consider
policy to enact or rationalize judgments
PSM 451/ PAD 581Dealing with FacesDiscretionary Decision-
makingDiscretionary Decision-makingCitizen-agent
narrativeState-agent narrativePolitics & AdministrationState-
agent narrativeExceptionalismCitizen-agent narrative
Introduction to OSHA
Safety 3433 – assignment #1
OSH Act, Standards, and Inspections
August 25, 2015
Utilize the OSH Act to answer the following questions.
Summarize in paragraph form. The paper should be no greater
than five pages and no less than two – type written-arial 12pt.
Summarize each question in your own words (do not copy word
for word). This assignment is due at the start of class on
September 1st.
1.
Why was the OSH Act needed?

6. 2. What is the purpose of the OSH Act?
3.
Who does the Act cover, who is not covered, and are there
special coverage provisions?
4.
When did OSHA become effective?
5.
What does the acronym OSHA stand for?
6.
What responsibilities does NIOSH have?
7.
How are standards adopted?
8.
Explain emergency temporary standards and how you would
appeal a standard.
9.
Explain a variance, temporary variance, permanent variance,
interim order, public petitions.
10.
What are workplace inspections and how do they work?
11.
Explain inspection priorities and include a discussion on
imminent danger.
Introduction to OSHA
Safety 3433 –assignment #2
Inspections, Citations, and Penalties
August 25, 2015
Utilize the OSH Act to answer the following questions.
Summarize in paragraph form. The paper should be no greater

7. than five pages and no less than three – type written-arial 12pt.
Summarize each question in your own words (do not copy word
for word). This assignment is due at the start of class on
September 1st.
1.
Explain the Inspection process – there are various steps, be
complete.
2.
Why ask for an OSHA compliance officer’s credentials?
3.
Who issues citations and how are they issued?
4.
There are various types of violations – explain each violation
and the possible penalties that might be associated with each
violation.
5.
Explain the appeals process for employees and employers.
6.
Briefly explain OSHA approved State programs.
7.
Consultation assistance was primarily developed for who?
8.
Explain the various programs available under the Voluntary
Protection Programs. Why was it started?
9.
Under Employer Responsibilities and Rights – list five
responsibilities and five rights that employers have.
10.
Under Employee Responsibilities and Rights – list five
responsibilities and three rights that employees have.
11.
How is the best way to keep updated on OSHA?

8. UST 481/581
Public Safety &
Justice Management
� The first Civil Rights legislation was enacted at
the end of the Civil War in 1865
� The modern Civil Rights Movement
culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the
1965 Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Fair
Housing Act which were intended to dismantle
legal segregation and ensure full citizenship
rights for African Americans
� By the mid 1960s civil rights and political
leaders realized that legislation alone would
not achieve the desired racial equality
� In 1965 calling for equality “as a fact and a
result” rather than as merely a right or in
theory, Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson signed Exec.
Order 11246 requiring all federal contractors to
“take affirmative action to ensure that
applicants are employed, and that employees
are treated during employment, without regard
to race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
� Race is a social construct: racial categories and the meaning

9. of race
are given concrete expression by the specific social relations
and
historical context in which they are embedded (Omi and Winant,
1986)
� Dominant groups in society can impose racial/ethnic labels
on
other groups e.g. the “one drop” rule in relation to persons of
African descent in America
� Marvin Harris uses the principle of “hypo-descent” to
describe
the American use of the concept of race and the “one drop” rule
� “In the United States, the mechanism employed is the rule of
hypo-
descent. This descent rule requires Americans to believe that
anyone
who is known to have had a Negro ancestor is a Negro. We
admit
nothing in between….Hypo-descent means affiliation with the
subordinate rather the superordinate group in order to avoid the
ambiguity of intermediate identity…The rule of hypo-descent is,
therefore, an invention which we in the United States have made
in
order to keep biological facts from intruding into our collective
racist
fantasies” (M. Harris, 1964).
� Ethnicity refers to cultural differences among
groups such as language, religion, customs,
and family patterns

10. � Ethnicity is often expressed in terms of a
group’s country of origin e.g. Polish American,
Irish American, Italian American etc.
� The term “minority” is used to refer to
racial/ethnic groups that have experienced
discriminatory treatment from other groups in
society; the term “people of color” is also used
to describe nonwhite racial/ethnic minority
groups
� Prejudice: a positive or negative attitude,
judgment, or feeling about a person that is
generalized from attitudes or beliefs held about
the group to which the person belongs (Jones,
1972)
� Discrimination: the behavioral manifestation of
prejudice; actions designed to maintain own-
group characteristics and favored position at
the expense of members of the comparison
group
� Racism includes the negative-attitude view of prejudice but
also has three
other aspects:
� It assumes that race is a biological concept (race is a social
construct)
� The essential premise of the superiority of one’s own race
� It rationalizes the institutional and cultural practices that
formalize the

11. hierarchical domination of one racial group over another
� Individual Racism: is closest to race prejudice and suggests a
belief in the
superiority of one’s own race over another and in the behavioral
enactments that maintain those superior and inferior positions
� Institutional Racism: the institutional extension of individual
racist
beliefs, consisting primarily of using and manipulating duly
constituted
institutions to maintain a racist advantage over others; and the
byproduct
of certain institutional practices that operate to restrict– on a
racial basis–
the choices, rights, mobility, and access of groups of
individuals
� Structural discrimination is unintentional social forces or
policies that
negatively impact minorities regardless of intent
� Race-conscious intentionality (i.e., a conscious intention to
affect what happens
to a person on the basis of race) is not a prerequisite for
institutional racism
� An ostensibly race-neutral rule or policy can be
discriminatory if it
systematically disadvantages persons based on race/ethnicity
etc.
� 1 of 3 pillars of public administration along
with efficiency & economy

12. � Social Equity: ethical & equitable treatment of
citizens by administrators; many complex
issues associated with fairness, justice, &
equality in public administration
� The Office of Management and Budget issued
Statistical Directive 15 in 1977 requiring federal
agencies to classify people as white, black,
American Indian, Asian, or Pacific Islander
� U.S. Census population data:
� Non-Hispanic whites 63.4%
� Hispanics 16.7%
� Blacks 13.1%
� Asian/Pacific Islanders 5%
� Native American/Alaska Natives 1.2%
� Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders 0.2%
� Respondents were able to identify multiple racial/ethnic
groups as of 2000 Census
� Among most segregated U.S. cities:
Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland (6th), St. Louis,
& Newark
� Among most integrated U.S. cities: Orange
Cty,. CA., San Jose, Norfolk, Tampa, & San
Diego
� 95% Asians, 91% Latinos, 87% blacks, 78%
whites live in metropolitan areas

13. � 68% blacks, 61% Latinos, & 57% whites prefer
to live in mixed neighborhoods
� Wealth (total assets) or annual income typically defines the
hierarchical social class structure in the U.S. (lower, middle, &
upper class)
� The top 1% and bottom 90% of American families each own
about 1/3
of all wealth
� The top 20% earns 46% of all income
� Bottom 20% earns about 4% of all income
� While there is some overlap between classes, the U.S. social
class
structure is as follows:
� 1-2% of U.S. adults own large-scale means of production
� 6-6.5% are in the employer/ownership class
� 25-30% are of the professional/managerial class (e.g. CEOs,
doctors,
politicians)
� 55-60% of adults comprise the working class which includes
the
working poor & underemployed
� Another 5-5.5% consisting of the permanently unemployed
constitute
a “surplus population”

14. � The sociological imagination helps us to understand how our
personal or private troubles are related to public issues (C.
Wright
Mills, 1959)
� It helps make us aware of the larger historical and social
forces
that impact and circumscribe our lives i.e. the choices and
opportunities that are available to individuals
� The social structure is the pattern of social interaction and
relations that endure over time and define the expected, taken-
for-
granted routines of our daily lives
� Social structure is dependent on and reproduced through the
social actions of individuals in certain situations
� Social relations of inequality and power based primarily on
race,
ethnicity, and class are essential elements of the social structure
� The criminal justice system is comprised of 3
general areas:
� The police, courts, and corrections
� Herbert Park (1964) identified two models of
criminal justice:
� The crime control model primarily focuses on the
repression of criminal conduct
� The due process model erects legal barriers making
it more difficult to hastily move accused through the

15. criminal justice system, protecting against arbitrary
and abusive governmental authority
� There are more than 17,000 police departments in the U.S.
today
� Policing is a civilian function separate from the legislative
and
judicial branches of government
� American Colonial policing system based on early-English
system
of constables/watchmen used to maintain law and order
� Social problems associated with
urbanization/industrialization
lead to establishment of 1st paid police force in London in 1829
� 19th Century formal police forces emerged in U.S. cities
� Police served economic interest of elites by quelling labor
unrest
� In the South police evolved from slave patrols used to repress
slave
revolts and capture runaways
� 1837 Charleston’s 100-member slave patrol was largest
enforcement
unit in U.S.
� New York City established the first modern municipal police
force in
the U.S. in 1853

16. � Early 19th Century police were not highly
respected and firearms weren’t standard issue
until late 1800s
� Police in big cities were part of the political
machine with positions often influenced by
political connections
� Police primarily were from the same working-class
background as those they were charged to control
� Pay was twice that of typical workers thus allowing
officers to move to better neighborhoods and
identify more with the power elite
� August Vollmer, nationally recognized chief,
professionalized
policing through higher educational requirements, standardized
entrance exams, improved training, and use of scientific
technology in investigations
� 1931 Wickersham Commission cited use of physical coercion
or
“3rd degree” in interrogations as further need for reform in
policing
� By 1960s professional model of well-trained, highly
disciplined,
crime-fighting police force based impart on the model of J.
Edgar
Hoover’s FBI had taken root

17. � More aggressive policing lead to increased usage of stop-and-
search patrols, particularly in African American communities,
leading to an erosion of police-community relations
� Further reforms called for increased hiring of minority
officers,
higher educational requirements, emphasis on police-community
relations, and civilian oversight of police misconduct
� 1st black officer hired by New Orleans in 1805 to apprehend
runaway slaves
� Significant gains not made until 1960s as result of Civil
Rights
Movement
� 1990s African-Americans were 11% of officers, almost
proportional
share of U.S. population
� Majority found in large cities and South
� Still underrepresented within local labor pools
� Results of studies on treatment of black officers in
departments
have been mixed
� NYPD study over 50% reported being treated equal to whites
� Other studies cite complaints of undeserved negative job
evaluations,
fewer preferable assignments, less colleague support,
assignment only
to minority neighborhoods, and segregation from white officers
on
and off duty

18. � Black male officers more accepted than female officers
because not a
threat to male mystic
� First woman officer sworn in in LAPD in 1910
� 1972 Equal Opportunity Act expanded 1964 Civil Rights Act
to local
police departments and brought about significant change in
patrol
work and promotions for women and minorities in law
enforcement
� Crime Control Act (1973) required departments with 50>
employees
receiving $25,000> in federal grants to provide equal
employment
programs for women or lose funding
� Height and weight, and physical strength tests that excluded
women
were revised
� Women were still less than 10% of all officers as of the
1990s
� “Few occupations have resisted integration of women as
vigorously as
policing” (threaten male mystic of policing)
� Women often assigned dangerous foot patrols alone, are
given lower
job performance evaluations, & subjected to sexual harassment

19. � Research found women less proficient in firearm use and
made fewer
arrests, yet received fewer citizen complaints and exhibited
better
interpersonal skills in deescalating conflicts
� Berger, R., Free, M. D. Jr., & Searles, P. (2001)
Crime, Justice, and Society. Boston: McGraw-Hill
� Jones, J. M. (1972). Prejudice and racism.
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
� Steinberg, S. (2000). Race and Ethnicity in the
United States: Issues and Debates. Malden, Mass.:
Blackwell Publishers.
� U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010.