This document discusses the advantages and challenges of base station virtualization. Key advantages include improved capacity and coverage through centralized coordination of resources using technologies like Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) and enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (e-ICIC), which can increase system capacity up to 30 times. A centralized architecture is also well-suited for handling non-uniform traffic loads through dynamic load balancing across baseband units. However, challenges include requirements for additional spectrum, new infrastructure investments, interference mitigation techniques, and ensuring backhaul network capacity scales with increasing cell densities.

1. Base Station Virtualization:
Advantages and Challenges
Network Technology Strategy Department
Alberto Boaventura
2015-04-05
April, 7-9th 2015

2. 12
3
We have approximately 330,000 kilometers of fiber
optic cable installed, which makes our network the
largest telecommunications backbone in Brazil.
Our mobile network, with more than 25,000 outdoor
stations and almost 1 million of Wi-Fi hotspot,
covers areas where approximately 88.5% of the
population lives and works.
Currently we provide ADSL and VDSL services in
4703 of 5570 Brazilian cities. We are upgrading with
fiber optic-based GPON to support VDSL2 and
facilitate the provision of our TV services. Already
we offer services up to 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps for
residential and enterprise customers respectively.
Who we are ...
40,3%
27,1% 32,6%
54,7%
23,1% 21,6%
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
GDP Population
After privatization, the Brazilian market has been split in 3 Regions. Oi is fixed
incumbent operator in Region 1 & 2, but has presence in all Brazilian regions.
Where we are ...
Brazil is the largest country in Latin America with 8.5 million of km2. The GDP
is 2.246 Trillion of USD and Population is 203 million of inhabitants.
16 States 10 States 1 State
174
202,9
242,2 261,8 271,1
41,5 42 43 44,3 44,8
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Mobile Accesses Fixed Accesses
Millions
Source: Teleco/2014

3. Changes and …
Source: Ericsson 2013
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1000
1800
Voice
Data
Total(UL+DL)traffic(PetaBytes) Source: Cisco VNI 2012
12
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
6
Mobile File Sharing
Mobile M2M
Mobile Web/Data
Mobile Video
Exabytespermonth
In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second
highest penetrated consumer mobile service
with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer
mobile users - Cisco 2012
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*
MBB Developing
MBB Developed
FBB Developing
FBB Developed
WorldBroadbandSubscriptions(Billions)
Source: ITU/ICT/MIS 2014
132 89 113 147
117 161 146 103
181 170 149 151
110 59 66 43
540 min
479 min 474 min 444 min
Indonesia China Brazil USA
TV Laptop+PC Smartphone Tablet
Source: KPCB & Milward Brown 2014
DailyDistr.OfScreenMinutes
13 kbps 50 kbps
125
kbps
200
kbps
684
kbps
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Cisco VNI (2010/2011/2012/2013)
242%
2009 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18
10
6
LTE
UMTS/HSPA
GSM;EDGE
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
Other
WorldMobileSub.(Billions)
Source: Ericsson 2012
LatinAmericaAverageThroughput
VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL …DATA BECOMES VIDEO …MOBILE BECOMES DATA …TELECOM BECOMES MOBILE …
On the market demand in dense urban areas during
business hours, it has been calculated that 800
Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G
Projects).
The Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines
recommend 10 square feet per person. It represents 1
Million persons per km2. If all persons upload video
with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2!
Whatsapp: Over 50bn messages every day.
Facebook: 1 billion of active users and a half
of them use mobile access (488 million users)
regularly.
Twitter: 50% users are using the social
network via mobile.
YouTube: more than ¼ of users use in Mobile
Device
Instagram: The average Instagram mobile
user spent two times comparing tp Twitter.
By 2018 there will be nearly 1.4
mobile devices per capita. There
will be over 10 billion mobile-
connected devices by 2018,
including machine-to-machine
(M2M) modules—exceeding the
world’s population at that time
(7.6 billion) – CISCO VNI 2014
… VIDEO & SOCIAL BECOME CROWD TRAFFIC INTERNET OF EVERYTHING TRAFFIC & REVENUE DECOUPLING
Voice
Centric
Data
Centric
Traffic
Reveue

4. LTE Advanced
ITU-R M.2034
Spectral Efficiency
DL 15 bits/Hz
UL 6.75 bits/Hz
Latency
User Plane < 10 ms
Control Plane < 100 ms
Bandwidth
ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz
ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz
ADVANCED
Coverage
Capacity
SmallCells
High order MIMO
Carrier Aggregation
Hetnet/CoMP
LTE
LTE –A
3GPP TR 36.913
3GPP
Release 8
3GPP
Release 10
RELEASE 8/9 RELEASE 10/11 RELEASE 12/13
20 MHz OFDM
SC-FDMA
DL 4x4 MIMO
SON, HeNB
Carrier Aggregation
UL 4x4 MIMO
DL/UL CoMP
HetNet (x4.33)
MU-MIMO (x1.14)
Small Cells Enh.
CoMP Enh.
FD-MIMO (x3.53)
DiverseTraffic Support
LTE Roadmap
Carrier Aggregation
Intra & Inter Band
Band X
Band y
Multihop
Relay
Multihop Relay
Smallcells Heterogeneous
Network
Colaboration MIMO
(CoMP) e HetNet
High Order DL-MIMO
& Advanced UL-MIMO
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro
Cell F1
F2
F2>F1
U-plane
D2D
New Architecture

5. METIS PROJECT PREMISES (SOURCE: ETSI/ERICSSON) METIS: 29 PARTNERS
5G Vision and Timeframe
ITU-R´s docs paving way to 5G:
IMT.VISION (Deadline July 2015) - Title: “Framework and overall objectives of the
future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond”
Objective: Defining the framework and overall objectives of IMT for
2020 and beyond to drive the future developments for IMT
IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS (Deadline Oct. 2014)
To provide a view of future IMT technology aspects 2015-2020 and beyond and to
provide information on trends of future IMT technology aspects
EU (Nov 2012)
China (Fev2013)
Korea (Jun 2013)
Japão (Out 2013)
2020 and
Beyond Adhoc
Exploratory Research Pre-standardization Standardization activities Trials and Commercialization
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
WRC15WRC12 WRC19
Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society

6. 5G Potential Technologies
1=0º
1=45º
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180
...
p1
p2
pN

 Native M2M support
 A massive number of connected devices
with low throughput;
 Low latency
 Low power and battery consumption
hnm
h21
h12
h11
 Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more
 System capacity increases in fucntion of
number of antennas
 Spatial-temporal modulation schemes
 SINR optimization
 Beamforming
 Enables systems that illuminate and at the
same time provide broadband wireless data
connectivity
 Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light
emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state
lighting (SSL);
 Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN)
photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes
(APDs)
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro
Cell
F1
F2
F2>F1
U-plane
D2D
 Phantom Cell based architecture
 Control Plane uses macro network
 User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in
another frequency such as mm-Wave and
high order modulation (256 QAM).
Net
Radio
Core
Cache
 Access Network Caching
 Network Virtualization Function
 Cloud-RAN
 Dynamic and Elastic Network
 5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for
Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)
 Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) :
Potential extension to OFDM ;
 Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC):
Sustainability fragmented spectra.
 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
 Sparse-Code Multiple Access (SCMA)
 High modulation constellation
MASSIVE MIMO SPATIAL MODULATION COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M CLOUD NETWORK & CACHE NEW MODULATION SCHEME
 New protocol for shared spectrum
rational use
 Mitigate and avoid interference by
surrounding radio environment and
regulate its transmission accordingly.
 In interference-free CR networks, CR
users are allowed to borrow spectrum
resources only when licensed users do
not use them.

7. ... Challenges
ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum
requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000
future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.
531
MHz
749
MHz
971
MHz
749
MHz
557
MHz
723
MHz
997
MHz
723
MHz
587
MHz
693
MHz
1027
MHz
693
MHz
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
MORE SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGY & INFRASTRUCTURE SPLIT CELL & SITE DENSIFICIATION
𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑰𝑵𝑹
Smallcells
Heterogeneous Network
hnm
h21
h12
h11
 Mobile operation needs spectrum below 6 GHz,
but there is no enough around world.
 Interference with exiting services: cleanup cost,
interference mitigation
 High spectrum cost: The average license cost in
new spectrum auctions ranges around 100-700
million of Reais per 10 MHz FDD block
 Spectrum Refarming
 Spectral Efficiency
 New infrastructure investment
 Technology life cycle and adoption
 Market Scale
 New site legal barriers
 Tax barriers
 New site investment
 Interference control and mitigation
 Backhaul capillarity
HIGH ORDER MIMO
Cell Site DensificationHIGH ORDER MODULATION

8. Centralized or
Distributed Base
Stations?

9. High Density Traffic
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
0,0 Mbps/km2
500,0 Mbps/km2
1000,0 Mbps/km2
1500,0 Mbps/km2
2000,0 Mbps/km2
0,250 km0,350 km0,450 km0,550 km
DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC
Coverage
Radius
Capacity
2015
Capacity
2016
Capacity
2017
A +63%
C
D
+61%
+54%
B
Green line represents the system capacity density.
The capacity associated to coverage grid can capture the
demand from 2013 till 2014 – Point A;
However, for 2015 it is needed to increase 63% the number of
sites, changing the exiting grid – Point B;
In 2016 and 2017, they require more 61% and 54% more sites
respectivelly;
In that time, SmallCells are more appropriated infrastructure to
save CapEx and OpEx;
TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x
2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Legend Notes:
2600 MHz (10) : Basic Scenario;
+1800 MHz (5): Additional 5 MHz using 1800 MHz in Basic
Scenario coverage;
+1800 (10): Same as above, but using 10 MHz;
SmallCell: SmallCell using 2600 MHz with 10 MHz for bandwidth;
TIMES BASIC
SCENARIO
COVERAGE
CAPACITY
TCO

A B C
Indifference
between Macro
1800 & 2600
MHz
Macro LTE
1800 MHz for
coverage
Dual layer
Macro LTE 1800
& 2600 MHz
181 265 890
SmallCell
2600 MHz
𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔
𝒌𝒎 𝟐

X: BASIC SCENARIO
COVERAGE CAPACITY
X

DEMANDS
DOWNTOWN
DEMAND: HIGH
DENSITY TRAFFIC


10. Source: SmallCells Forum
Indoor Environment
Frequency under 1 GHz has a good Indoor
propagation. But lack bandwidth for
capturing mobile broadband traffic.
90 MHz
150 MHz 200 MHz
500 MHz
13 GHz
700 MHz 1800 MHz 3500 MHz 5800 MHz
(LTE-U)
mmWave
INDOOR TRAFFIC TRAFFIC DENSITY BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS
0,0 dB 10,0 dB 20,0 dB
700 MHz
900 MHz
1800 MHz
2100 MHz
2600 MHz
INDOOR LOST PERFORMANCE MACRO SITE DENSITY FOR INDOOR COMPENSATION
39%
32%
14%
4%
11%
In Car
At Home
At Work
Travelling
Others
0 bps/Hz
4 bps/Hz
8 bps/Hz
12 bps/Hz
-130 dBm -110 dBm -90 dBm
3GPP (LTE) Shannon
OutdoorIndoor
-50%
50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are
performed in indoor environment;
Building Penetration Loss varies around 10-20 dB,
that reduces at minimum of 50% overall performance
of outdoor macro sites;
FREQUENCY DILEMMA
0
300
600
900
0,25 km0,30 km0,35 km0,40 km0,45 km0,50 km
Indoor Outdoor
219%
High Concentration
Traffic
Low dense data traffic. It is
dispersed in coverage area
Indoor Environment Outdoor Environment
The indoor traffic density can be thousand times higher
than outdoor. For instance, in stadium & arenas, the
number of persons per km2 can reach 1 Million! If all
persons upload video with 64 kbps, it represents 64
Gbps/km2
2600 MHz (10 MHz) Graphs
Better propagation
Outdoor
Coverage Radius
Building Penetration Loss varies in each frequency.
Lowest frequency has better propagation behavior.
New Radius for
increasing capacity
Bandwidth
Voice Originating Call
Amount of Bandwidth
Mbps/km2

11. Why Centralizing?
CAPACITY & COVERAGE:
Centralized RAN acts as huge Base Station and can easily coordinate resources for interference avoiding by using
functionalities such as CoMP and e-ICIC. CoMP and e-ICIC can together increase the system capacity in 30 times
homogeneous network;
C-RAN is also suitable for non-uniformly distributed traffic due to the load-balancing capability in the distributed
BBU pool. Though the serving RRH changes dynamically according to the movement of UEs, the serving BBU is still
in the same BBU pool.
50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are performed in indoor environment, and due concentrated traffic ,
indoor traffic density can represent 10-100 times outdoor environment;
Centralized RAN can be optimal solution and accordingly to Airvana and it is 69% cheaper than DAS;
TRANSMISSION & INFRASTRUCTURE:
Algorithms such as e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter latency requirement below 10 micro seconds. In general IP
backhaul transport cannot accomplish this latency level in X2 interface.
Network Synchronization can be simplified by requiring synchronism in less centralized sites
Currently almost LTE Cell Site is attended by fiber and DWDM is affordable solution for transport CPRI inside of
lambdas.
Space/Colocation, air conditioning and other site support equipment's power consumption can be largely reduced.
China Mobile estimates a reduction of 71% of power saving comparing to Distributed Cell Site;
ROLLOUT, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE :
Faster system rollout due simpler remote cell site that reduces 1/3 comparing to Distributed RAN.
Multi-Tenant BBUs are aggregated in a few big rooms, it is much easier for centralized management and operation,
saving a lot of the O&M cost associated with the large number of BS sites in a traditional RAN network.
TCO :
Accordingly to China Mobile, 15% and 50% of CapEx and OpEx savings respectivelly comparing to Distributed RAN
Core
Net.
BBU
TDM
IP
BBU
BBU
Core
Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
eICIC CoMP
Distributed RAN Centralized RAN
Coherent transm. &
Non-Coherent transm.
Instantaneous
Cell Selection
X2
X2
ABS
Protected
Subframe
Aggressor Cell Victim Cell
X2
Identifies
interfered UE
Requests ABS
Configure
s ABS ABS Info
Measurement Subset Info
Uses ABS and
signals Patern

12. Base Station
Virtualization

13. Base Station Virtualization & Cloud RAN Architecture
Fronthaul Interface Hardware
Backplane
Backhaul Interface Hardware
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer (Ex.: Hypervisor/VMM)
VM BBU 1 VM BBU N Core
Network
Cache &
Local
Breakout
...
O&M/Control/Orchestrator
Fronthaul: CPRI,
OBSAI, ETSI ORI
Internet
RRU/
RRH
Radio
Unit
Network Datacenter
Only Radio Unit
Backhaul IP
RRU/
RRH
Backhaul
Core
Network
BBU BBUBBU
Internet
RRU/
RRH
RRU/
RRH
GbE
Existing Deployed Topology
Fronthaul
Internet
V-BBUs V-Core
RRU/
RRH
RRU/
RRH
RRU/
RRH
CPRI/
OBSAI
Cloud RAN Topology
DEPLOYMENT PARADIGM CHANGE
PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES
ARCHITECTURE
Network Function
Virtualization
Elastic & liquid Resources
Operational Flexibility
Reduces space and power
consumption
Reduces CapEx, OpEx and
delivery time
Software Defined Network
Creates an abstraction layer
for: controlling; faster
development ; system service
orchestration and overall
system evolution;
Open Development Interface
Creates an open environment
for new development;
Catalyzes new SON &
interference mitigation
functionalities support;

14. Cases & ...
CENTRALIZED RAN OR SUPER CELLSITE SMALLCELLS VS DAS
WATERFRONT SIDEWALK COVERAGE WITH PICO/SMALLCELLS VIRTUALIZED RAN SHARING
BBU
RRU
eNB/DAS
1 Sector
 Limited to the throughput of 1 sector and the air link
 Engineered for coverage
 Satisfies requirements for multi-operator transmission
(“neutral host”)
BBU 1
BBU N
BBU Hotel
CPRI  Limited to the throughput of the air interface and
backhaul
 Is a mini Base Station in itself
 Capable to accommodate high density traffic
 Not geared toward neutral host operation
 According to Airvana, Smallcell deployment can be 69%
cheaper than DAS;
SmallCells
DAS
Super
CellSite
BBUs
RRH/RRU
Only
Fronthaul Interface Hardware
Backplane
Backhaul Interface Hardware
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer
Oper1
(BBU)
Oper2
(BBU) ...
O&M/Orchestrator
OperN
(BBU)
Multiple sectors Base Station (or Hotel BBU) extended in
their neighborhood through the use of fiber to
supplement coverage / capacity indoor or outdoor
Solution to minimize visual impact on coastlines, parks, public
squares, monuments, street furniture and so forth.
Alternative to buried/under ground CellSite: extending sectors
from existing base station to cover interested places.
Complements MOCN RAN Sharing
deployment, bringing a new alternative
(MORAN Like) for supporting multiple
operators, technologies and frequencies.
Internet
Fronthaul
...
RRH/RRU
Only
Backhaul
Super CellSite with
Pico/SmallCells
RRH/RRU
Only
BBU N
BBU 1
...

15. ... Concerns
Transport and Fronthaul
BBU CPRI
OBSAI
ETSI ORI
Data
Control
Sync
RRU/RRH
Transport Media: Typically Optical
Link in dedicated lambda
BBU N
BBU 2
BBU 1
CRAN –
BBU Hotel
SmallCells unfolds
complexity of capillarity
246 Mbps
1200 Mbps
2500 Mbps
9830 Mbps
WCDMA (1 Carrier) LTE (MIMO 2x2, 10
MHz)
LTE (MIMO 2x2, 20
MHz)
WCDMA (1 Carrier, 3
Sectors) + LTE (MIMO
2x2, 20 MHz, 3 sectors)
High throughput requirement for supporting
MIMO and high order of frequency bandwidth.
Although there are
fronthaul standards, but
each vendor implemented
its own flavor.
STANDARDIZATION:
There exist two main commercial standards CPRI (Common Public Radio Interfce) and
OBSAI (Open Base Station Architecture Initiative), but the supporters implemented their
own flavor;
ETSI has recently introduced new standard for fronthaul technology: Open Radio
Interface that promises to support several medias - not only fiber.
CAPILLARITY:
SmallCells bring scalability concern to provide connectivity to large number of cell sites
with high throughput and low latency;
However the SmallCells main applications reside in dense/urban and indoor
environment where there exist cabling and fiber facilities
Wireless fronthaul solutions based on Multipoint to Multipoint have high transport
capacity by using mmWave or 28 GHz and eventually can support CPRI/OBSAI
HIGH ORDER THROUGHPUT:
CPRI/OBSAI requires a huge throughput but compressed versions are commercial,
allowing in some cases transport over Ethernet;
Currently almost LTE Cell Site is attended by fiber and DWDM is affordable solution for
transport CPRI inside of lambdas.
LOW LATENCY:
CPRI/OBSAI requires low latency 5 micro seconds in total, that introduces limitation of
40 km in terms of distance between BBU and RRU;
However, algorithms such as e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter requirement than CPRI, and
the limitation must be 15 km.
TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP:
Although DWDM is more expensive than MPLS-TP, the cost optimization considering
CapEx and OpEx can reach 1/3 of Distributed CellSite.

16. ... Concerns
STANDARDIZATION PERFORMANCE
Technology and Architecture
Hardware Resources
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs)
Virtualization Layer
VNF ...
NFVManagementand
Orchestration
Compute Storage Network
NFV Infrastructure
Virtual
Compute
Virtual
Storage
Virtual
Network
VNF VNF VNF
Another challenges of virtualization are: real-time
processing algorithm implementation; virtualization of the
baseband processing pool; dynamic processing capacity
allocation to deal with the dynamic cell load in system;
exploitation of virtualized resources on commodity
hardware, which does not provide the same real-time
characteristics as currently deployed hardware.
This will introduce an additional computational latency
and jitter, which needs to be considered in the protocol
design.
It is an opportunity for new algorithms exploiting a large
amount of resources efficiently (e.g., through stronger
parallelization) or new Hardware Architecture (such as
Intel DPDK).
In theory, a split for function centralization may happen on
each protocol layer or on the interface between each layer.
However, 3GPP LTE implies certain constraints on timing as
well as feedback loops between individual protocol layers.
Hence, in a deployment with a constrained backhaul, most
of the radio protocol stack and RRM are executed locally,
while functions with less stringent requirements such as
bearer management and load balancing are placed in
centralized platform.
If a high capacity backhaul is available, a higher degree of
centralization is achieved by shifting lower-layer functions
(e.g., parts of the physical, PHY, and medium access
control, MAC, layers or scheduling) into the centralized
platform.
Source: Intel
Network
Packet Size Server
Packet Size
WHAT TO VIRTUALIZE
RF
PHY
MAC
RRM
AC/LC
NM
RF
PHY
MAC
RRM
AC/LC
NM
How much to centralize
Executed
at RRH
Centralized
Executed
Centralized
Executed
CRAN/SDRMonolithic
Executed
at BTS
Middle Range
Virtualization
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine
In order to use a common HW and Virtual Network
functions, standardization is imperative to guarantee
interchangeability of elements, functionalities and
interfaces;
NFV ISG formed under ETSI (Nov. 2012), led by network
operators with wide industry participation. It defined the
architecture for NFV and 9 Use Case, including CRAN.
However an oldest process is in course through 3GPP
process, such as 37 series for SDR/MSR.
CRAN needs to capture the best practices of these two
processes and to have a single movement.
A Mobile SDN is needed for redefining processes in
North/South Bound Interfaces and protocol between Flow
Controller and Forward Engine – “MobileFlow” (IEEE
Communications Magazine)

17. ... Concerns
Infrastructure
POWERING FOR DISTRIBUTED RRH/RRU IN CENTRALIZED RAN BATTERY BACKUP: DISTRIBUTED OR CENTRALIZED?
VISUAL POLLUTION SITE ACQUISITION
Li-Ion Battery
Lead-Acid Battery
SmallCells and RRH/RRH can be powered locally. However it is necessary to
provide SLA in case of commercial power unavailability;
The Lead-Acid Battery still requires a large space to install. An alternative is Li-
Ion Battery that is becoming affordable solution.
Lithium ion battery can work at the temperature of 60℃ normally. The cycle life
can reach 5-to Machine room cost The volume and weight of lithium ion battery
is 1/3 of 5 10years. that in lead-acid battery with the same capacity, which save
the space efficient and without consider the floor weight.
Electric power cost Lithium ion battery can work at high temperature.Improve
the air conditioner temperature in machine room so to save electric power;
Another advantages: Energy density=> space saving; Safety; High Temperature;
Large current; Environmental protection
With centrilized RAN the site acquisition and collocation contracts must change. New type
must be considered in different bases;
SmallCells deployment are in order of 10-100 times macro sites and their installation can be
in different places: train and bus stations; airports; lighting poles; building façade; payphones
etc. New types of leases/contracts should be developed.
In an Informa Telecoms & Media Small Cells Market Status Report, nearly 60% of respondents
rated deployment issues and backhaul as the top 2 challenges for outdoor small cells. Lack of
access to backhaul and power, environmental issues, and cell placement - including the need
to deal with multiple landlords, new types of site owners and zoning issues – can delay
deployment.
Some operators fail in SmallCells deployment due they did not account a long checklist:
transport and infrastructure facilities; legal and site-acquisition issues
A Site Certification program removes these barriers, bringing the value-added suppliers with
expertise in small cells to make sure metro deployment happens right the first time, with
speed, and on a large scale.



Powering RRH/RRHU
centralized/virtaualizaed RAN environment
constitutes in one of big challenges;
Power of Ethernet is a preferable
implementation for indoor and short distance
outdoor SmallCells;
However Ethernet has capacity transport
limitation and PoE is limited to 30-50 m;
Another alternative is powered fiber cable
system that can offers a reach greater than
10 times the distance of power over Ethernet
(POE+) cables.
Up to 12 Optical
Fibers SMF/MMF
12 AGW or 16 AGW
Conductors
Source: TE Connectivity
Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format may impact in
acceptance to install in building and public facilities.


 

18. What are we
doing?

19. Rural Suburban Urban Dense Urban Ultra Dense Urban & Indoor
Individual satellite access or
Satellite Backhaul.
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA
Macro LTE 2600 MHz (Anatel
Obligation)
Residential, Enterprise &
corporate Wi-Fi
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Residential, Enterprise &
corporate Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification
Macro Cell Site LTE 450 MHz
or 1800 MHz
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA
Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage &
voice offload
SmallCell to indoor
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic
below 181 Mbps/km2
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Multi-sector Macro & LTE 2600
MHz densification
Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi (802.11ad)
Femtocell for 3G
Indoor & outdoor SmallCells
Cloud RAN & Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO
Multi sector Macro & LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Macro Cell Site LTE 450 MHz
or 1800 MHz
Wi-Fi 802.11af (TVWS) – M2M
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA
Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage &
voice offload
SmallCell to indoor
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic
below 181 Mbps/km2
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for
load balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Cloud RAN & HetNet
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO
Multi sector Macro & Multiple
Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi (802.11ad),
SmallCell LTE-U (Supp. DL)
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Cloud RAN & HetNet
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO
Multi sector Macro & Multiple Frequency
Layer LTE for load balancing or CA
Coverage & Capacity Strategy Example
Short
Term
Mid
Term
Long
Term
𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔
𝒌𝒎 𝟐
Macro <1 GHz
Macro Mddle Freq.
Macro High Freq.
SmallCell/Wi-FI

20. Base Station Virtualization in Phases
CLOUD RANHETNETCENTRALIZED RANMULTI STANDARD RAN
Multi-sector BBU or BBU Hotel
Overall TCO (CapEx+OpEx) saving of New
Cell Site
Network elasticity based on resource
pooled in a single BBU
Network synchronization simplification
Fronthaul Rollout
Vendor consolidation
MSR and SDR deployment
2G+3G+4G in single BBU
CellSite Modernization
IP Backhauling
Lifecycle Management Optimization
SmallCell Rollout
Capacity improvement by using CoMP,
eICIC, CA etc.
Taking advantage of LTE-A & B (Rel.11 and
Rel.12)
Baseband pooled across BBU
Using General Purpose HW
EPC and Cloud RAN in a same Network
Datacenter
Core
Net.
2G
3G
4G
2G
3G
4G
2G
3G
4G
TDM
IP
Core
Net.
2G +3G+4G
TDM
IP
2G +3G+4G
2G +3G+4G
Core
Net.
BBU
TDM
IP
BBU
BBU
Core
Net.
BBU
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
Core
Net.
BBU
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
Core
Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
Core
Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
SBI/Fronthaul
NBI/Internet
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer
BBU1
...
O&M/Orchestrator
BBU2
BBUn
EPC
IMS
MTAS

21. Alberto Boaventura
alberto@oi.net.br
+55 21 98875 4998
¡GRACIAS!
THANKS!
OBRIGADO!