2. Introduction
Shock can be defined as a state of inadequate
or inappropriate tissue perfusion resulting in
abnormal cellular metabolism.
Shock is associated with anaerobic metabolism,
oxygen debt and tissue acidosis.
5. Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock is related to decreased intravascular
volume, secondary to loss of:
Blood (e.g. trauma)---- > Hemorrhagic shock
Plasma (e.g. burns)
Water and electrolytes (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea).
10. Septic shock
Surviving sepsis campaign 2012
Sepsis is defined as the presence of infection together with systemic
manifestations of infection.
Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis plus sepsis-induced organ
dysfunction or tissue hypo perfusion.
Sepsis-induced hypotension is defined as a systolic blood pressure
(SBP) < 90 mm Hg or mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 70 mm Hg or a SBP
decrease > 40 mm Hg or less than two standard deviations below normal
for age in the absence of other causes of hypotension
11. Septic shock
Clinical feature
SBP< 90
MAP < 70
Feature of severe sepsis :
Fever Hypothermia ,tachy,Tachypnea,Altered mental
status, Leukocytosis ,Leukopenia.
With one or more organ involvement ( lung ,liver ,kidney )
12. Septic shock
Management
Goals during the first 6 hrs of resuscitation:
a) Central venous pressure 8–12 mm Hg
b) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg
c) Urine output ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/hr
d) Central venous (superior vena cava) or mixed venous
oxygen saturation 70% or 65%, respectively
14. •Fluid Therapy of Severe Sepsis:
• Crystalloids as the initial fluid of choice in the resuscitation
•Vasopressors
• Norepinephrine as the first choice vasopressor
•Inotropic Therapy
• Dobutamine infusion
• myocardial dysfunction as suggested by elevated cardiac
filling pressures and low cardiac output.
• ongoing signs of hypoperfusion, despite achieving adequate
intravascular volume and adequate MAP
•Blood Product Administration
• Red blood cell transfusion if Hb <7.0 g/dL
• Platelets prophylactically when counts are <10,000/mm3 in the
absence of apparent bleeding
15. Diagnosis :
• Cultures as clinically appropriate before antimicrobial therapy
• imaging
•Antimicrobial Therapy
• Administration of effective broad spectrum intravenous
antimicrobials within the first hour of recognition of septic shock.
• Not more than 5 days, De-escalate antibiotic therapy.
• Duration of therapy typically 7–10 days
•Source Control
• eg: abscess drainage
•Mechanical Ventilation of Sepsis-Induced ARDS
16. Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis :
life threating clinical manifestation
IgE mediated hypersensitivity
Mast cell and basophil degranulation
Anphylactoid rxn:
Not IgE mediated
19. Anaphylactic shock
Suspected impending respiratory collapse ---->
intubate
IM epinephrine 0.3-0.5 mg to ant/ lat thigh
For severe symptoms poor response
Iv bolus epinephrine 0.1-0.2 mg
If hypotensive start fliud therapy
if no response to above
start iv epi infusion
Aggressive fluid therapy
Pt on beta blocker ----> Glucagon
20. Treat all patients with Histamine 1,2 blocker
Diphenhydramine (H1)
Ranitidine (H2)
21. Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is related to ‘pump’
failure from many possible causes
myocardial infarct ( common)
valve dysfunction
papillae rupture
arrhythmias
tamponade
pulmonary embolus
23. Cardiogenic shock
Initial evaluation & rapid stabilization
Immediate ECG:
Look for evidence of AMI (ST ele , LBBB)
Supplemental O2/mech vent
BP support
Dopamine
Nor epi
Need CVP,Intra arterial blood pressure monitoring
24. Cardiogenic shock
Patient with positive ECG finding :
Immediate reperfusion therapy :
Thrombolytic therapy
Cardiac catheterization
Negative ECG finding :
Rule out mechanical cause of CS ( ECHO)
Cardiac monitoring ( confirm cardiac etiology )
Continued medical support (vasopressure, inotropic)
25. Cardiogenic shock
In case of refractory cardiac shock
Left venticular assist device
Transplant
Cradiac temponade :
Beck’s triad ( raised jvp,muffled hreart sound,hypotension)
Presence of pulsus paradox( insp fall in SBP>10)
Echo finding
Consider Subxiphoid Pericardiocentesis
Shock can be defined as a state of inadequate cellular sustenance associated
with inadequate or inappropriate tissue perfusion resulting in abnormal cellular
metabolism. This can occur as a result of inadequate DO2, maldistribution of
blood flow, a low perfusion pressure, or, as usually is the case, a combination of
all three. Shock is associated with anaerobic metabolism, oxygen debt and tissue
acidosis
There are many classifications of shock, some based on clinical entities and some on pathophysiology.
This is somewhat unreal, as there is a large overlap between some of the groups, especially in their more severe forms and one or more processes
may be involved simultaneously (Table 8.1).
All forms of shock can eventually result in profound cellular dysfunction and death – so-called irreversible shock.
Irreversibility is difficult to define and may depend on inappropriate management as much as on the clinical state.
The following is a clinically useful initial approach to shock in association with the classical causes of shock (Table 8.1).
The patient’s history is very important in determining the cause.
Hypotension is often the first sign of shock.
BP = cardiac output × systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Firstly, determine whether the problem is mainly one of decreased SVR or decreased cardiac output.
Sepsis :
Fever (&gt; 38.3°C)
Hypothermia (core temperature &lt; 36°C)
Heart rate &gt; 90/min–1 or more than two sd above the normal value for age
Tachypnea
Altered mental status
Leukocytosis (WBC count &gt; 12,000 μL–1)
Leukopenia
severe sepsis :
Organ dysfunction variables
Arterial hypoxemia (Pao2/Fio2 &lt; 300)
Acute oliguria (urine output &lt; 0.5 mL/kg/hr for at least 2 hrs despite adequate fluid resuscitation)
Creatinine increase &gt; 0.5 mg/dL or 44.2 μmol/L
Coagulation abnormalities (INR &gt; 1.5 or aPTT &gt; 60 s)
Ileus (absent bowel sounds)
Thrombocytopenia (platelet count &lt; 100,000 μL–1)
Hyperbilirubinemia (plasma total bilirubin &gt; 4 mg/dL or 70 μmol/L)
Tell about ephinephine prepartion
Inadeqaute circulation and comprimised organ perfusion due to cardiac dysfunction