V2G allows electric vehicles to provide power to the electrical grid during periods of peak demand by allowing two-way power flow. There are three main versions of V2G involving battery-powered vehicles that can provide power to the grid from excess battery capacity during peak times and recharge during off-peak times. V2G systems provide benefits like peak load leveling and spinning reserves but challenges include potential grid overloading and high vehicle costs compared to ICE vehicles.

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4. Three versions:
V2G is a version of battery-to-grid power applied to vehicles. There are three main
different versions of the vehicle-to-grid concept, all of which involve an onboard
battery:
 A hybrid or Fuel cell vehicle, which generates power from storable fuel,
uses its generator to produce power for a utility at peak electricity usage
times. Here the vehicles serve as a distributed generation system, producing
power from conventional fossil fuels, biofuels or hydrogen
 A battery-powered or plug-in hybrid vehicle which uses its excess
rechargeable battery capacity to provide power to the electric grid in
response to peak load demands. These vehicles can then be recharged during
off-peak hours at cheaper rates while helping to absorb excess night time
generation. Here the vehicles serve as a distributed battery storage system to
buffer power
 A solar vehicle which uses its excess charging capacity to provide power to
the electric grid when the battery is fully charged.
V2G SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND POWER FLOW:
The components and power flow of a V2G system. The system consists of six
major subsystems:
1) Energy resources and an electric utility
2) An independent system operator and aggregator
3) Charging infrastructure and locations
4) Two-way electrical energy flow and communication between each PEV and
ISO or aggregator
5) On-board and off-board intelligent metering and control
6) The PEV itself with its battery charger and management.

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF V2G/V2H:
1. Power Connection for electrical energy flow from vehicle to the grid
2. Control or logical connection, needed for the grid operator to determine the
available capacity, request ancillary services or power from the vehicle and to
meter the result
3. Precision certified metering onboard the vehicle.
APPLICATIONS OF V2G/V2H:
Peak load leveling:
The concept allows V2G vehicles to provide power to help balance loads by
"valley filling" (charging at night when demand is low) and "peak shaving"
(sending power back to the grid when demand is high). Peak load leveling can
enable utilities new ways to provide regulation services (keeping voltage and
frequency stable) and provide spinning reserves (meet sudden demands for power).
Peak power:
Peak power is typically generated by power plants that can be switched on for
short periods.. V2G can provide peak power may be appropriate for this purpose ,
the required duration for peaking units can be 3-5 hours per day.. Electric vehicles
can afford to provide power in peak period while consume power during the off
peak period. This reduces the gap between the energy demand and balance in the
power systems. Secondary advantages of peak shaving include reducing
transmission congestion, line losses, delay transmission investments and reduce
stressed operation of a power system.
Spinning Reserves:
Spinning reserves refer to the additional generating capacity that can provide
power quickly to the grid operator generally within 10minutes upon the operators
request . If the spinning reserve is called, the generator is paid an additional
amount of money to energy that is actually delivered. The Electric vehicles
normally incur only short periods of generating power typically 2 to 3 hours per
day

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8. Fig: Loos Angeles Air Force Base Vehhicle to Grid Pilot Prooject

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11. INCENTIVES:
1. United Kingdom: subsidies and tax incentives of up to $8000 USD
2. Italy: tax incentives of approximately. $5,000 USD
3. Ireland: tax incentives of approximately. $8,000 USD
4. Denmark: no registration tax and no road tax for PEVs
5. China: maximum subsidy of up to $10,000 USD
6. California: 250- 300 dollar discount and preferential loans to customers.
7. Finland: Lower Electricity Taxes for Low carbon Emission vehicles
8. New York: tax credit of up to $7,500 for PEV purchases
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Germany: Zero emission driving
2. California: Clean up Air pollution and Reduce Green house Gas emissions
3. China: Reduce Air pollution
4. Amsterdam: Renewable Energy city
5. Barcelona: Reduce Co2 Emissions, Noise Pollution, Reduce Oil dependency,
Improve Energy Security
6. New York : 30 percent reduction in CO2 fleet emissions by 2017
7. Sweden: fossil free independent country by 2030
EXPECTED IMPACT OF V2G:
Deployment of wide scale, innovative replicable and integrated solutions in the
energy, transport and ICT sector. Increase the energy efficiency of districts and of
cities and foster the use of renewable and their integration energy system and
enable active participation of customers. Increase mobility efficiency with lower
emission of pollutants and CO2 Reduce the energy costs for e.g. Peak shaving

12. reduces the price of electricity during peak hours. Decarbonizes the energy system
while making it more secure and stable. Trigger large scale economic investments
with the repayment of implementation costs in acceptable time limits.
Social Impacts:
 Reduction of energy bills for all actors and especially for citizens and public
authorities.
 Increase quality of life by creating local jobs
CHALLENGES TO VEHICLE-TO-GRID CONCEPT:
Although V2G systems have many benefits, increasing the number of PEVs may
impact power distribution system dynamics and performance through overloading
of transformers, cables, and feeders. This reduces efficiency, may require
additional generator starts, and produces voltage deviations and harmonics. The
greatest challenges to a V2G transition are battery technology and the high initial
costs compared to ICE vehicles.
1. Massive Introduction of electric vehicles can significantly reduce the CO2
emissions. On the other side the integration of Renewable Energy Sources in the
existing conventional grid causes some technical constraints in the grid, especially
issues Concerning Power Quality. At present there is no such system for
Integrating EV in the conventional electric grids
2. The most important barrier to the spread of electric propulsion from the point of
view of electric variables are voltage and current, frequency and connections to the
vehicle
3.Two-way communication (“ Smart charging”) system between utility and PEV’s
are needed to be implemented to shift the charging of PEV’s completely to off -
peak periods .