1. Impressionism and Beyond
“That looks like an impression of a painting…” - critic Louis Leroy
Late 19th Century Art and Architecture
2. Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Manet, 1882
Barmaid stares
out at us
What is the mirror
reflecting?
More
impressionistic
than Manet’s early
works
3. French Impressionism
Monet's early work, Impression: Sunrise,
harshly criticized at exhibition.
impression of light in a scene.
Single most successful and
identifiable "movement" ever,
still practiced today.
4. Subjects
• Turned away from tradition
– uninterested in religion, mythology
& history
– Japanese influence
• Contemporary life
• Leisure middle class
• transportation
• Capturing light and nature
6. The Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881)
Pierre Auguste Renoir
7. Renoir’s Moulin de la Galette
Dappling effect of
fleeting light
People not posed,
enjoying meals and
dancing
Photographic
randomness of
clipped figures
8. Rehearsal on Stage, Degas, 1874, pastel
Asymmetrical
compositions
Feathery
brushstrokes
showing the dancers’
costumes
Japanese print
influence
9. American Impressionist – Mary Cassatt
Theme of mother
and child.
Influential in
bringing
Impressionist
paintings to US
-huge hit
11. Post-Impressionism: setting
stage for 20 Century Art
th
Unhappy with limitations of Impressionist style, explored
emotion & structure - though still influenced by Japanese.
15. Still Life with Basket of Apples,
Cezanne, 1894
Tilted
perspective
Contrast of
solid forms
with flat
surfaces
Painterly
brushstrokes
16. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of la Grande Jatte (1884-86). Georges Seurat
Statuesque figures not interacting… anonymity of modern society?
Scientific analysis of color relationships (pointillism)
17. Primitivism: Manaha No Atua, (Day of
the God), Paul Gauguin, 1894.
Symbolism
Tahitian gods shown
Painted native
peoples in geomatric
bright colors
Exotic primitivism
Symbolic, mysterios
Color to express
emotion
19. The Kiss,
Gustav Klimt,
1907
Art Nouveau (art
deco) style
Golden painting
Decorative patterns,
gold more important
than realistic
modeling of forms
20. The Arts and Crafts
movement began in the late
19th century, LED BY
WILLIAM MORRIS.
The idea was for everyday
items to be made by trained
craftspeople, not high priced
artists, but to have beauty in
everyday objects.
21. Burghers of Calais, Auguste Rodin, bronze, 1889
Six burghers offer their
lives to English king in
return for saving their
besieged city during
Hundred Years war
Parallels between Paris
in 1870 war and war in
1347
Central figure is ready
for his execution
22. Wainwright Building, 1890, Louis Sullivan,
Chicago School of Architecture
•Otis invented elevator, which
allowed high buildings
•Prototype of modern office building
or Skyscraper
•“Form follows function” was his
motto, now very famous in
architecture
Notas del editor
Manet, the realist, eventually became an Impressionists. Hey, don’t confuse Manet with Monet. Manet organized an exhibition of Les Refusees, or The Refused One. He was very influential in bringing the style of the Impressionists to the public eye.
If someone told you today, your art looks like the Impressionists’ you’d probably say THANK YOU. But it actually started out as an insult.. .the famous art critic Louis Leroy skewered Monet’s Sunrise painting, saying it looked like an Impression of a Painting and that too bad Monet couldn’t actually finish the artwork. Well, the name stuck… because they WERE trying to capture a moment. Ironically, today it is one of the best known movements in Western art.
Although today this style of painting is very familiar to us, at the time it was very avant-garde and breaking with tradition. The impressionists were greatly influence by the Japanese ukioye prints, and could care less about religion, mythology, or history. Impressionism was all about the moment; contemporary life of the middle class and the down-and-outs, or capturing a moment.
Monet painted the same subjects at different times of day, to capture those effects of light that pass so quickly. With the invention of the oil paint tube, the impressionists could go outdoors and paint easily, or even take a train to the country side to paint.
Monet’s friend Renoir also captured the fleeting effects of light. Renoir was the most famous figure painter of the Impressionists. He did spontaneous paintings from live models, with loose, fast impasto paint, like we see here with a group of friends eating lunch along the Seine river in Paris.
Renoir’s paintings feel very spontaneous and lively paintings; he often painted middle class Parisians enjoying leisure time. The Impressionists got away from stiff, posed portraits and into a loose and free style.
Edgar Degas was the exception to painting out doors; he focused on ballet dancers and performers, as did Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. Degas worked in both pastels and oils, and was highly influenced by Japanese prints that were popular at the time.
But a female Impressionist did the best job of all at capturing the theme of the mother and child. Mary Cassatt did hundreds of paintings, prints, and pastel drawings of women and children, in a very natural style that families can relate to. However, she did more than paint domestic scenes; she was hugely influential in bringing the French Impressionists to the U.S. to exhibit. Unlike in Europe, their paintings were VERY popular and still draw huge crowds in US museums today.
Like the French Impressionists, Cassatt loved the clean lines and patterns of Japanese woodblock prints, as shown in this print of a mom getting the baby out of the bathtub.
Yet Impressionism was soon taken to the next level by a group of artists
Artist: Hiroshige Title: Plum Orchard, Kameido Medium: Woodblock print Size: 13¼ X 8 ⅝ X (33.6 X 47 cm) Date: 1857 Source/ Museum: From One Hundred Famous Views of Edo / The Brooklyn Museum, New York
Van Gogh filtered reality through his “temperament”, with expressive lines, vibrant colors, and impasto brushwork. Though he did not gain popularity in his lifetime, today he is one of the most recognized Western artists. A
Cezanne emphasized form and structure with simplified landscapes with geometric shapes and pure colors. You look at the sapce, but don’t enter it. Did not use traditional perspective, simply color.
Cezanne also began to play with the rules of perspective and tilted our vision a bit. But Seurat would truly go deep into structure and color with his pointillism paintings.
Very different from Impressionism ’ s informal, seemingly accidental quality, pointillism is intellectual and scientific with applying uniform sized dots in different colors. Seurat studied ancient Egyptian art and talked about the procession of life.
Gauguin went to Tahiti in search of paradise, and maybe he found it. He worked in a style that was known as primitivism or symbolism. He incorporated Tahitian gods and symbols of the cycle of life in somewhat unreal settings like this one.
The Art Deco/Art Nouveau style emerged at the turn of the century in Vienna and elsewhere. The emphasis was on decorative patterns rather than realistic modeling of forms. Klimt’s famous painting The Kiss epitomizes this style.
In the decorative arts, many artists and artisans rebelled against the mass production of the Industrial Revolution. William Morris started the Arts and Crafts movement, that returned to handmade tapestries and simple wood furniture with clean lines. This style still continues today, though ironically mass-produced in China and sold at places like Target and Home Depot.
Artist: Auguste Rodin Title: Burghers of Calais Medium: Bronze Size: 6'10½" X 7'11" X 6'6" (2.1 X 2.4 X 2 m) Date: 1884–89 Source/ Museum: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Joseph H. Hirshhorn, 1966
Louis Sullivan pioneered the development of modern architecture, with bulidings such as The Wainwright Building. The invention of the elevator by Otis allowed high buildings, along with the use of steel infrastructure. Sullivan told us that “Form follows function,” and his style still continues in today’s cities.