6. Matter Exists in 4 forms:
• SOLID
Most important
• LIQUID on Earth, we will
• GAS focus on these.
• PLASMA: an ionized charged gas.
Most common in the universe.
9. Gas: (continued)
Move freely
• ParDcles can ___________
in all direcDons
Expand to fill
• ParDcles _______________
their containers
Highest
• _________ energy
11. Liquid: (continued)
Slip and slide
• ParDcles can ___________
Past one another, changing
their posiDons.
Take the shape of
• Liquids _______________
their containers
12. Solid
Tightly Packed
• ParDcles are ____________
in an orderly arrangement
13. Solid (Continued)
Vibrate
• ParDcles __________ but
____________ move freely.
do not
definite
• Solids have a ______
shape
Lowest Energy
• ________________
14. Changes in State (Phase)
• MaCer can change from
one form into another by
either changes in _______
Pressure
or changes in
Temperature
___________.
15. You must be
able to Phase Changes
describe all
phase changes!
Do they
require
addiDon or
release of
heat?
18. Important Fact!
does not
The temperature _______
change during a phase
change. This is indicated
by a __________ (flat)
horizontal
line on a heaDng curve.
25. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
a. The center of an atom
is called the ________.
nucleus
b. Two ParDcles in the
nucleus are the ______
protons
neutrons
and the _______
27. Must Know facts about
Atoms!!!
c. The protons
have a
posiDve
________
charge and the
neutrons have
___ charge.
no
28. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
d. Tiny _________ orbit the
electrons
nucleus in specific regions
called ___________ or
energy levels
_______. These parDcles
Orbitals
negaDve
have a ________ charge.
29. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
e. _____ electrons fit in the
Two
first energy level, _______
eight
in the second, and _______
eight
in the third.
30. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
f. The number of protons in
an atom is called the
_____________.
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
Symbol
31. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
g. The number of protons
and neutrons added
together is called the
_____________.
Atomic Mass
32. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
h. Atoms without an overall
neutral
charge are called _______.
i. Atoms with an overall
charge are called ______.
ions
33. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
j. Atoms of the same
element with different
numbers of neutrons (and
different atomic masses)
isotopes
are called _____________.
34. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
Atomic Number Atomic Mass
Symbol
42. Structure of the Atom
The center of the atom
is called the _______
Nucleus
It is a cluster of
________ & ________
Protons Neutrons
(+ charge) (0 charge)
43. Structure of the Atom
If you add the number
of protons and the
number of neutrons
you get the
Atomic Mass
_____________
44. Structure of the Atom
The number of _______
neutrons
can be obtained by
subtracDng the proton
number from the atomic
mass.
45. Structure of the Atom
The rings represent
different regions around
the nucleus called energy
levels, shells or
Orbitals
_____________
46. Structure of the Atom
Let’s read the explanaDon
paragraph at the boCom
of the page!
51. Elements and the
Periodic Table:
1. PERIODIC TABLE: a chart
which organizes elements
by their _________.
Atomic #
52. Elements and the
Periodic Table:
2. METALLOIDS: elements
that are located along the
________. They have
staircase
properDes of ________
both
metals and non‐metals.
53. Elements & the Periodic Table:
3. A NON‐METAL: an element
right
located to the _____ of the
staircase elements which is
dull briCle
usually ____, ________ and a
______ conductor or energy.
poor
________________
(or they are a gas)
54. Elements & the Periodic Table:
4. A METAL: is located to the
len
______ of the staircase.
Metals are usually _______
shiny
conductors
and good _________ of
energy.
55. Elements & the Periodic Table:
4. Metals (conDnued)
ducDle
a. They are _______, which
means they can be drawn
wires
into thin ______.
b. They are ________, which
malleable
means they can be
hammered into thin sheets.
56. Elements & the Periodic Table:
5. NOBLE GASES: belong in
18 inert
group ___ . They are _______,
which means they ________
DO NOT
react with any other elements.
They’re SNOBS!!!
57. Do Now: Debate
Why does ice float in water?
This is confusing because solid are usually
denser than liquids… think about this!!! Isn’t
water wacky!!! What do you think?
58. Elements & the Periodic Table:
Use your periodic table to complete the
informaDon in the chart.
78. Complete the THOUGHT QUESTION on
the bottom or your page:
Helium and Neon never
form compounds? Explain
why. (Hint: you may need
to draw the atoms)
They have a full valence shell.
81. Chemical Reactions Notes
Chemical ReacDon:
When _____ are ____
bonds made
or ______to form new
broken
___________
substances
82. Turn the page!
Lets look at this
cartoon which models
different kinds of
chemical reacDons.
83. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
1. A SPONTANEOUS ________
color
change. I’m not talking about
painDng a house! It’s a change
that happens on its own like a
apple that turns brown in the
air
84. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
2. A SPONTANEOUS producDon
Light
of energy such as _______ or
Heat
____. If you mix two substances
without Adding or Removing
heat and you noDce a temp
change or light. Bingo!!!
85. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
3. The producDon of a
Precipitate
____________! This is when
you mix two liquids and get the
formaDon of a solid substance.
This is seldom in everyday life!
86. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
4. The formaDon of a _____.
Gas
Bubbles and fizzing indicate the
formaDon of new substance.
Bubbles during boiling do not
count! Phase changes are
physical changes!
88. Label the following: posiDve ion,
negaDve ion, neutral atom
NegaQve
Ion,
because
there are
more
Electrons
electrons
than
protons!
Protons Neutrons
89. Label the following: posiDve ion,
negaDve ion, neutral atom
PosiQve
Ion,
because
there are
more
Electrons
protons
than
electrons!
Protons Neutrons
90. Label the following: posiDve ion,
negaDve ion, neutral atom
Neutral
Atom,
because the
electrons
equal the
Electrons
protons!
Protons Neutrons
91. Writing Chemical
Equations:
A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a
Short‐ hand
______________ way of
showing showing what’s
happening during a chemical
reacDon.
92. Writing Chemical
Equations:
ScienDst are busy!!! They can’t
write out everything! Its just
like how you text message your
friends… TTYL… LOL… J/K…
Please read the box…
94. Helpful Terms:
starDng
1. REACTANT: a __________
material. Reactants are wriCen
BEFORE the arrow
95. Helpful Terms:
ending
2. PRODUCT: an ________
material. Products are wriCen
aner the arrow.
96. Helpful Terms:
3. COEFFICIENT: A number
in front of
placed __________ an atom or
molecule to show the amount
of each atom or molecule.
( Doesn’t jump the plus sign)
97. Helpful Terms:
4. SUBSCRIPT: A small number
right
placed in the lower______ of a
chemical symbol to show the
number of atoms of the
element. It only applies to the
element to the len of it!
99. Law of Conservation of
Mass: (same for mass)
Can’t be made
Mass/ NRG ____________
Mass/ NRG ______________
Can’t be destroyed
Mass/ Energy can only
__________
Change form!!!
100. Law of Conservation of
Mass: (same for mass)
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20
C=1 C=1
H=4 = H=4
O=4 O=4
The equaDon demonstrates the
law of conservaDon of mass.
101. Classwork!!!
Determine the number of
atoms in the following chemical
formulas.
103. Reaction Rates
What factors affect how quickly or
slowly a reaction takes place?
Factor #1 _____________________
Temperature
Surface Area
Factor #2 _____________________
ConcentraDon
Factor #3 _____________________
Catalysts / Inhibitors
Factor #4 _____________________
104. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
1. TEMPERATURE is a measure of
the average kineDc energy of the
parDcles in a substance. The higher
the temperature, the faster the
parDcles move.
105. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
1. TEMPERATURE: The greater the
greater
temperature the _________ the
reacDon Dme.
slow fast
reacDon rate
temperature
106. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
2. SURFACE AREA: is the amount of
an object that is exposed to the
environment. The smaller the
parDcles in a sample the greater the
surface area
107. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
2. Surface Area: The greater the
greater
surface area the _________ the
reacDon Dme.
slow fast
reacDon rate
Surface area
108. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
3. CONCENTRATION: refers to the
amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent. The more stuff dissolved in
a given volume of solvent the more
concentrated the soluDon
109. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
3. ConcentraDon: The greater the
faster
concentraDon the _________ the
reacDon Dme.
slow fast
reacDon rate
ConcentraDon
110. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
4. The ADDITION OF A CATALYST:
Catalysts are substances that
increase
___________ a reacDon rate.
Watch the hydrogen peroxide
demonstraDon to show how
yeast acts as a catalyst.
111. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
4. The ADDITION OF A INHIBITOR:
An inhibitor will decrease a
reacDon rate!
118. Mixtures Review!!!
2. State two ways that mixtures
are different from compounds.
separated
b) Mixtures can be _________ by
physical means such as:
filtering evaporaDon
________, ___________,
magnet
________ and
__________________.
Density differences
122. Mixtures Review!!!
5. SoluQon: a ____________ mixture
homogeneous
in which one substance called a
______ is _____________ in
solute dissolved
another substance called a
solvent Water
______. _______ is onen called
the _________ solvent because it
universal
can dissolve many things
124. Mixtures Review!!!
8. Unsaturated: a soluDon that
less
contains ____ solute than it
can hold at a given
temperature.
9. Saturated: a soluDon that
all
contains ____ the solute it can
hold at a given temperature.
131. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
1. INDICATOR:
A substance that detects
the presence of an acid
or a base
132. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the
presence of an acid or base:
pH paper (numerical scale)
a._______________________
133. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the
presence of an acid or base:
Litmus paper (red/blue color change)
b. ______________________
134. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the
presence of an acid or base:
c. _________
The juice of
Red Cabbage
______________
135.
136. Characteristics of Acids and Bases:
Acids Bases
Hydrogen (H+)
Donates ______________ Hydroxide ion (OH‐)
Donates _______________
to a soluDon to a soluDon
sour
May taste ____ bi]er
May taste ________
pH paper (numerical scale)
red
Turns Litmus ____ blue
Turns Litmus _________
below
Has a pH value _______ 7 above
Has a pH value _________ 7
Red
The juice of Red Cabbage
Turns Cabbage juice _____ Turns cabbage juice
_____________
Green/blue
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Usually feels _______
Slippery
137.
138. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
a. A scale used for
measuring the
strength
_________ of an
acid or a base.
b. It is a numeric
scale from
_____________
0‐14
139. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
c. Any value less than
7
___ represents an
acid
_____. The lower
the value, the
________ the
stronger
acid.
140. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
7
d. Any value more than __
base
represents a ______. The
higher the number, the
_________ the base.
stronger
141. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
e. A substance
with a
value of 7
is called
neutral
_______.
143. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
3. NeutralizaDon ReacDon:
The reacDon of an acid and a base
to produce two neutral
products:
Salt water
_________ and _________
(BASE) (ACID) (SALT) (WATER)
NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O