1. What do
These 3
Things
Have in
Common??
statue Grand Canyon
Sand Pile

2. They have all
been
subjected to the
process of
WEATHERING

4. WEATHERING: is
THE CHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL
PROCESS THAT
CHANGES ROCK

5. For weathering to occur
the rocks must be
exposed to:
AIR (atmosphere)
WATER (hydrosphere)
ACTION OF HUMANS &
OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS

6. Evidence of Weathering:
the end product of the
weathering of rock is
SEDIMENT

8. Sediments are classified by size:
use the reference tables
page 6 to complete the chart
Sediment Name Diameter range(cm)
Boulder 25.6 or larger
Cobble 6.4-25.5
Pebble 0.2-6.3
Sand 0.006-0.1
Silt (colloid-suspended) 0.0004-0.005
Clay (colloid-suspended) Less than 0.0004
Dissolved particles (ions) Not visible
Examples:salt,calcite

9. PHYSICAL
WEATHERING:
ROCKS ARE BROKEN INTO
SMALLER PIECES
WITHOUT CHANGING
THE
CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE ROCK

10. Explain how
water and wind
can can cause
physical
weathering
in the following
ways:

11. The alternate
freezing and
thawing of
water

12. WATER EXPANDS
WHEN IT FREEZES
This is called…….

13. Ice Wedging or
Frost Action

14. a weathered sidewalk

15. Half Dome in Yosemite California

16. *ABRASION

17. RUNNING WATER
AND
WIND
CAN RUB OR WEAR
DOWN ROCKS

19. RUNNING WATER AND
WIND CAN CAUSE
ROCKS TO RUB AGAINST
EACH OTHER AND WEAR
THEM DOWN

20. * BIOLOGIC
ACTIVITY

21. My sidewalk being lifted by the tree roots!!

23. PLANT ROOTS
EXPOSES NEW
SURFACES TO
WEATHERING

24. *Humans can
influence the rate of
weathering by the
use of powerful
equipment

25. If you
increase the surface area
increase
you will ___________ the
rate of weathering

26. rate
of
weathering
Surface area

27. CHEMICAL
WEATHERING:
Rocks are broken and
the chemical
composition is also
CHANGED
___________

28. • OXIDATION OCCURS
OXYGEN
WHEN __________
FROM AIR COMBINES
WITH MINERALS
___________
TO FORM OXIDES
RUST

29. This was washed up on a beach!!

30. A rusty gate……

31. • CARBONATION
WATER
OCCURS WHEN __________
CONTAINING
CARBONIC
__________ ACID
DISSOLVES MINERALS

32. EX.
LIMESTONE
CAVES

35. * POLLUTANTS
can speed up
the rate of
chemical weathering
OXIDES OF SULFER
AND NITROGEN MAKE
RAINWATER UNNATURALLY
ACIDIC
ACID RAIN

36. • HYDRATION
OCCURS WHEN
MINERALS SUCH AS
_______
MICA AND
WATER
FELDSPAR ABSORB
________ AND
CLAY
WEAKEN AND FORM
________

38. Moderate
If: temperature = 5
physical and
precipitation = 100 chemical
weathering

39. temperature = 20 Faster rate
precipitation = 100 of chemical
weathering

40. If: temperature = -10 Faster
precipitation = 50 physical
weathering

41. CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON
WEATHERING:
PHYSICAL WEATHERING
DOMINATES IN
COLD,
MOIST
CLIMATES

42. CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON
WEATHERING:
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
DOMINATES IN
WARM,
MOIST
CLIMATES

43. IN GENERAL WHEN
THERE IS MORE
MOISTURE
THERE IS MORE
WEATHERING

44. CLEOPATRA’S
Central
Park
NEEDLE

45. RATE OF
WEATHERING ALSO
DEPENDS ON:
MINERAL COMPOSITION
ROCK RESISTANCE
(HARDNESS)

47. WATER
DOLOSTONE WHICH ROCK
IS THE
SHALE
MOST
LIMESTONE
RESISTANT
SANDSTONE
TO
WEATHERING?
SHALE
SANDSTONE
SHALE

48. DOLOSTONE WHICH ROCK
IS THE
SHALE
MOST
LIMESTONE
RESISTANT
SANDSTONE
TO
WEATHERING?
SHALE
SANDSTONE
SHALE

49. DOLOSTONE WHICH ROCK
IS THE
SHALE
LEAST
LIMESTONE
RESISTANT
SANDSTONE
TO
WEATHERING?
SHALE
SANDSTONE
SHALE

50. DOLOSTONE WHICH ROCK
IS THE
SHALE
LEAST
LIMESTONE
RESISTANT
SANDSTONE
TO
WEATHERING?
SHALE
SANDSTONE
SHALE

51. SOIL FORMATION:
SOIL IS THE
COMBINATION OF:
ROCK PARTICLES
MINERALS
ORGANIC MATTER

52. THE END RESULT
OF
WEATHERING
AND BIOLOGIC
ACTIVITY IS:

53. Adding to a compost pile

56. SOIL FORMATION:
Breakdown of rock
Addition of organic material
( from decomposition )
(biological activity)

57. Soil Horizons
A
B
C

58. SOIL HORIZONS
(LAYERS)
A (TOP SOIL)
rich in organic material
B little organic material
rich in minerals
leeched from horizon A
C partly weathered
broken up bedrock
sits on top of
solid bedrock

60. The two types of
sediment
(soil) are:
Transported
Residual

61. TRANSPORTED
SOILS:
CARRIED FROM
LOCATION OF PARENT
ROCK
MOST OF NEW YORK
SOIL IS
TRANSPORTED

63. SOIL ASSOCIATIONS (CHARACTERISTICS
3 WAYS THAT SOIL CAN
DIFFER IN VARIOUS
LOCATIONS:
1. COMPOSITION (MINERALS)
2. MOISTURE
3. ORGANIC MATERIAL

64. HOW CAN WE IMPROVE
THE SOIL’S ABILITY
TO SUSTAIN LIFE?

65. Terrace planting

66. Wind breaks
like trees
Planted
To
Stop
Wind erosion