E lements of short story, drama and poetry

1. Reporter: Gina C. Pecasales
Title: The Elements of Short Story
References:
Soriano-Baldonado, R. Readings from World Literatures: Understanding
People’s Cultures, Traditions and Beliefs ( A Task-based Approach).Quezon City:
Great Books Publishing. 2013
Dinneen, K. Elements of the Short Story. Retrieved Jun. 19, 2003, from
Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/ curriculum/units/19
3/3/83.03.09.x.html.
Lesson Proper:
A Short Story is similar to your dish. It needs the best ingredients for you
to enjoy its delectable taste.
Stories are made up of four important elements:
Setting. Tells the reader where and when the story takes place.
Characters. The people, and in some stories, the animals that take part in
the story.The description of the personalities of the characters in the story and
the way in which an author reveals their personalities.
Two Identifications of Characters: Protagonist – the hero of the story
and Antagonist – the villain in the story who is always opposing the protagonist
Methods of Characterization for creating Believable Characters
Indirect: physical appearance speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions of the
character, speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions of other characters.
Direct: the narrator’s direct comments about a character.
Plot. The chain of related events that take place in a story. Built around conflict,
which is a struggle between opposing forces.
The plot is the sequence or order of events in a story.
The plot includes:
Exposition Statement.The part of the plot that tells how the story begins.
Rising Action.The action in the story leading up to the climax.
Conflict.The struggles or problems between opposing forces.

2. Climax.The point of crisis in the plot. It may be the reader’s point of
highest interest.
Falling action.The action in the story after the climax is revealed.
Resolution.The part of the plot that reveals the final outcome.
Types of Conflict
Man vs. Man
-Man vs. Nature
-Man vs. Obstacle or Society
- Man vs. Supernatural Being
-Man vs. Himself
Theme. The main idea of a story. It is not a moral, lesson, or a rule for
living.
Reporter: Bernard C. Tandayag

3. Title: The Elements of Drama
References:
Soriano-Baldonado, R. Readings from World Literatures: Understanding
People’s Cultures, Traditions and Beliefs ( A Task-based Approach).Quezon City:
Great Books Publishing. 2013
Cabrera, E. (2015). Elements of Drama. Retrieved at: http://www.slideshar
e.net/ericsoncabrera/elements-of-drama.Retrieved on December 9, 2015.
Lesson Proper:
DRAMA
Drama is a composition in prose form that presents a story entirely told in
dialogue and action and written with the intention of its eventual performance
before an audience.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
SETTING
Setting identifies the time and place in which the events occur. It consists of the
historical period, the moment, day and season in which the incidents take place. It
also includes the sceneries in the performance which are usually found in the
preliminary descriptions.
CHARACTERS
Characters are the people in the play and thus considered as the principal
material in a drama.
Character Aspects
Physical
Physical identifies peripheral facts such as age, sexual category, size, race and
color. It deals with external attributes which may be envisaged from the
description of the playwright or deduced from what the characters say or what
other characters verbalize about his appearance.
Social
Social embraces all aspects that can be gleaned from the character’s
world or environment as exemplified by the economic status, occupation or trade,
creed, familial affiliation of the characters.

4. Psychological
Psychological discloses the inner mechanism of the mind of the character
as exemplified by his habitual responses, attitudes, longings, purposes, likes and
dislikes. It is considered as the most indispensable level of character
categorization because routines and emotions, thoughts, attitude and behavior
enable the readers to know the character intrinsically.
Moral
Moral discloses the decisions of the characters, either socially acceptable
or not, exposing their intentions, thus projecting what is upright or not
PLOT
Plot lays out the series of events that form the entirety of the play. It
serves as a structural framework which brings the events to a cohesive form and
sense.
Types of Plot
Natural Plot is a chronological sequence of events arrangement where actions
continuously take place as an end result of the previous action
Episodic Plot – each episode independently comprises a setting, climax, and
resolution; therefore, a full story in itself is formed.
Framework of a Plot
Beginning
Middle
Ending
Beginning identifies information about the place, such as geographical
location, social, cultural, political background or period when the event took place.
Exposition
Exposition is the point where the playwright commences his story. It
reveals the identity of story’s initial crisis.
Middle is composed of a series of difficulties:
Complications bring changes and alterations in the movement of the
action which take place when discovery of novel information, unexpected
alteration of plan, choosing between two courses of action or preface of new ideas
are revealed.

5. Crisis reveals the peak of anticipation in the series of incidents.
Middle is composed of a series of difficulties:
Obligatory Scene identifies the open collision between two opposing
characters or forces.
Discovery discloses points which are previously unknown, characterized
as something mysterious, strange, unfamiliar and thus revealed through objects,
persons, facts, values, or self-discovered.
Ending is the final major component of the story which brings the
condition back to its stability. This part brings satisfaction to the audience which
extends to the final curtain as peace is completely restored.
THEME
Theme is considered as the unifying element that defines the dramatized idea of
the play. It is the over-all sense or implication of the action. It defines the
problem, emphasizes the ethical judgment and suggest attitude or course of
action that eliminates the crisis is an acceptable way.
STYLE
Style refers to the mode of expression or presentation of the play which points
out the playwright’s position or viewpoint in life.
Major Dramatic Attitude
Realism
Realism is an accurate detailed, and life-like description in a play where
things are presented as real as can be set in actual life, with dialogues sounding
like day-to-day conversation.
Non-realism
Non-realism is method of presentation identified as something stylized or
theatricalized whereby artist uses his feral imagination in projecting his ideas.
TRAGEDY
Tragedy is a type of drama that shows the downfall and destruction of a
noble or outstanding person, traditionally one who possesses a character
weakness called a tragic flaw. The tragic hero, through choice or circumstance, is
caught up in a sequence of events that inevitably results in disaster.

6. COMEDY
Comedy is a type of drama intended to interest and amuse the audience
rather than make them deeply concerned about events that happen. The
characters overcome some difficulties, but they always overcome their ill fortune
and find happiness in the end.
TRAGICOMEDY
Tragicomedy is a play that does not adhere strictly to the structure of
tragedy. This is usually serious play that also has some of the qualities of comedy.
It arouses thought even with laughter.
FARCE
Farce is a play that brings laughter for the sake of laughter, usually
making use grossly embellished events and characters. It has very swift
movements, has ridiculous situations, and does not stimulate thought.
MELODRAMA
Melodrama shows events that follow each other rapidly, but seems to be
governed always by chance. The characters are victims in the hands of merciless
fate.

7. Reporter: Angelito T. Pera
Title: The Elements of the Poetry
References:
Soriano-Baldonado, R. Readings from World Literatures: Understanding
People’s Cultures, Traditions and Beliefs ( A Task-based Approach).Quezon City:
Great Books Publishing. 2013
Laga, J.(2015).Elements of Poetry.Retrieved at: http://www.slideshare.net/
/JackylineLagaa/types-and-elements-of-poetry.Retrieved on December 7, 2015.
Lesson Proper:
What is Poetry?
Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through
meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional
response.
Poetry is the chiseled marble of language; it's a paint-spattered canvas -
but the poet uses words instead of paint, and the canvas is you.
Elements of poetry can be defined as a set of instruments used to create
a poem. Many of these were created thousands of years ago and have
been linked to ancient story tellings. They help bring imagery and emotion
to poetry, stories, and dramas.
Poetry
A unit of lines grouped together.Similar to a paragraph in prose. A
Stanza consists of two or more lines of poetry that together form one of
the divisions of a poem. The stanzas of a poem are usually of the same
length and follow the same pattern of meter and rhyme and are used like
paragraphs in a story. Some different types of stanzas are as follows:
Couplets - are stanzas of only two lines which usually rhyme
Tercets - are stanzas of three lines. The three lines may or may not have
the same end rhyme. If all three lines rhyme, this type of tercet is called a triplet.
Quatrains - are stanzas of four lines which can be written in any rhyme
scheme.

8. Couplet
•A stanza consisting of two lines that rhyme. Whether or not we find what
we are seeking is idle, biologically speaking. — Edna St. Vincent Millay (at the
end of a sonnet)
Quatrain
•A stanza consisting of four lines, Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of
Spring
Your Winter garment of Repentance fling:
The Bird of Time has but a little way
To flutter--and the Bird is on the Wing.
Alternating Quatrain- a four line stanza rhyming "abab." From W.H.
Auden's "Leap Before You Look"
The sense of danger must not disappear: a
The way is certainly both short and steep, b
However gradual it looks from here; a
Look if you like, but you will have to leap. b
Envelope Stanza- a quatrain with the rhyme scheme "abba", such that
lines 2 and 3 are enclosed between the rhymes of lines 1 and 4. Two of these
stanzas make up the Italian Octave used in the Italian sonnet. This is from
Auden's "Look Before You Leap"
The worried efforts of the busy heap, a
The dirt, the imprecision, and the beer b
Produce a few smart wisecracks every year; b
Laugh if you can, but you will have to leap. a
Tone. The attitude a poet takes toward his/her subject, it refers to the
writer's attitude towards the subject of a literary work as indicated in the
work itself. One way to think about tone in poetry is to consider the
speaker's literal "tone of voice": just as with tone of voice, a poem's tone
may indicate an attitude of joy, sadness, solemnity, silliness, frustration,
anger, puzzlement, etc.

9. Mood. The attitude a reader takes toward his/her subject. It is one
element in the narrative structure of a piece of literature. It can also be
referred to as atmosphere because it creates an emotional setting
enveloping the reader. Mood is established in order to affect the reader
emotionally and psychologically and to provide a feeling for the narrative.
It is a complex reading strategy.
Imagery: Representation of the five senses: sight, taste, touch, sound,
and smell and it creates mental images about a poem’s subject
Visual imagery: visual descriptions so vivid they seem to come to life in the
reader's mind's when they are read, as in the description of a very old fish in
Elizabeth Bishop's poem titled "The Fish":
Here and there
his brown skin hung in strips
like ancient wall-paper,
and its pattern of darker brown
was like wall-paper:
shapes like full-blown roses
strained and lost through age
Auditory imagery: descriptions of sound so vivid the reader seems almost
to hear them while reading the poem. For example, Alexander Pope contrasts
the gentle sounds of a whispering wind and a soft-running stream with the
harsher sound of waves crashing on the shore in "Sound and Sense":
The sound must seem an echo to the sense:
Soft is the strain when Zephyr gently bows,
And the smooth stream in smoother numbers flow;
But when the loud surges lash the sounding shore,
The hoarse, rough verse should like the torrent roar. (365-69)

10. Images of smell (olfactory imagery): descriptions of smells so vivid they
seem almost to stimulate the reader's own sense of smell while reading, as in the
poem, "Root Cellar," by Theodore Roethke:
And what a congress of stinks!—
Roots ripe as old bait,
Pulpy stems, rank, silo-rich,
Leaf-mold, manure, lime, piled against slippery planks.
Nothing would give up life:
Even the dirt kept breathing a small breath. (5-11)
Tactile or "physical" imagery: descriptions conveying a strong, vivid sense
of touch or physical sensation that the reader can almost feel himself or herself
while reading, as in Robert Frost's description of standing on a ladder in "After
Apple Picking": "My instep arch not only keeps the ache, / It keeps the pressure
of a ladder-round. / I feel the ladder sway as the boughs bend" (21-23). Or in the
sensation of touch (and possibly taste) in the fourth stanza of Helen Chasin's
poem, "The Word Plum":
The word plum is delicious
pout and push, luxury of
self-love, and savoring murmur
full in the mouth and falling
like fruit
taut skin
pierced, bitten, provoked into
juice, and tart flesh. (1-8).
Diction. The Choice of words. Connotative:figurative/metaphorical
meaning. Denotative: literal /dictionary-based
Persona/Voice. The speaker of the poem.It is the way you present
yourself to the world, the character traits that you let show and the way

11. that people will see you. If you are true to yourself, then your persona
should reflect who you actually are.
Refrain.The repetition of one or more phrases or lines at certain intervals,
usually at the end of each stanza and similar to the chorus in a song.
The Raven
by
Edgar Allan Poe
And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,
And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
Shall be lifted nevermore.
Repetition.A word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza, A word or
phrase repeated within a line or stanza, Sometimes, repetition reinforces
or even substitutes for meter (the beat), the other chief controlling factor of
poetry.
Humpty Dumpty
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;
All the King's horses and all the King's men
Couldn't put Humpty together again
The repetition of a phrase in poetry may have an incantatory effect as in the
opening lines of T. S. Eliot's "Ash-Wednesday":
Because I do not hope to turn again
Because I do not hope
Because I do not hope to turn....
Sometimes the effect of a repeated phrase in a poem will be to emphasize
a development or change by means of the contrast in the words following the
identical phrases. For example, the shift from the distant to the near, from the
less personal to the more personal is emphasized in Coleridge's "Rime of the
Ancient Mariner" by such a repetition of phrases:

12. I looked upon the rotting sea,
And drew my eyes away;
I looked upon the rotting deck,
And there the dead men lay.
Rhyme Scheme
The pattern in which end rhyme occurs, The pattern in which end rhyme
occurs, Rhymes are types of poems which have the the repetition of the same or
similar sounds at the end of two or more words most often at the ends of lines.
This technique makes the poem easy to remember and is therefore often used in
Nursery Rhymes. There are several derivatives of the term rhyme which include
Double rhyme, Triple rhyme, Rising rhyme, Falling rhyme, Perfect and Imperfect
rhymes.
Theme
The theme of the poem talks about the central idea, the thought behind what the
poet wants to convey. A theme can be anything from a description about a
person or thing, a thought or even a story. In short a theme stands for whatever
the poem is about.
Symbolism
A poem often conveys feelings, thoughts and ideas using symbols, this technique
is known as symbolism. A symbol in poetry can stand for anything and makes the
reader take a systematic approach which helps him/her look at things in a
different light. A symbol is a poetry style that is usually thought of in the
beginning.
Literary Devices
Figurative Language. When the Author of a poem writes something, but
doesn’t really mean it literally.
Metaphor. A comparison NOT using like or as.
Simile. When you compare something using like or as.The river is
peaceful, like a new baby sleeping.
Personification. When human like qualities are given to an animal or
object.
Example: An overly gregarious puppy.A decrepit old car.

13. Irony. When something that wasn’t expected happens. Or when the
opposite of what is expected happens.
Musical Devices
Alliteration.When the same consonant sound is used throughout a piece
of writing. candy covered coconuts.
Assonance. When the same vowel sound is used in words throughout a
piece of writing That is the way we will pray today, okay?
Onomatopoeia word that expresses sound