2. DEFINITION
• Nanotechnology is the study of
manipulating matter on an atomic scale.
• Nanotechnology refers to the constructing
and engineering of the functional systems at
very micro level or we can say at atomic
level.
• A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter,
roughly the width of three or four atoms.
The average human hair is about 25,000
nanometers wide.
3. HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor of physics
Dr. Richard P.Feynman.
The term “Nano-technology" had been coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
In 1980 researchers reported the discovery of “Bucky Ball” a round molecule of
60 atoms of carbons. This led in turn to the 1991 discovery of a related molecular
shape known as “Carbon Nanotubes”.
Carbon NanoTubes are molecular-scale tubes of graphitic carbon with
outstanding properties.
NanoTechnology is seem to have greatest impact in our daily life. It had
improved and helped in many field of science.
4. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Larger to smaller: a materials perspective:- A number of physical phenomena
become pronounced as the size of the system decreases.
Simple to complex: a molecular perspective:- Modern synthetic chemistry has
reached the point where it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any
structure.
Molecular nanotechnology: a long-term view:- Molecular nanotechnology,
sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes engineered nanosystems
(nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale.
5. TYPES
It is an emerging field in all areas of science, engineering and technology. Some are
as given.
• Nano-Material. . Nanobiotechnology.
• Nano-Electronic. . Nanofluidics.
• Nano-Robotics. . Nanohub.
• Molecular mechanics . Nanometrology.
• Nanoengineering . Nanoscale networks.
6. NANO MATERIALS
The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study
materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale
dimensions.
Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which
may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other
fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with
fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics.
Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most
present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.
Progress has been made in using these materials for medical
applications; see Nanomedicine.
Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats
the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells
Development of applications incorporating semiconductor
nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as
display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see
quantum dots.
7. NANO ELECTRONICS
Nanoelectronics is one of the major technologies of
Nanotechnology. It plays vital role in the field of engineering and
electronics.
Nanoelectronics make use of scientific methods at atomic scale
for developing the Nano machines. The main target is to reduce
the size, risk factor and surface areas of the materials and
molecules. Machines under nano electronic process undergoes the
long range of manufacturing steps each with accurate molecular
treatment.
The Nanotechnology field has been the subject of intense focus,
particularly from the viewpoint of the electronics industry. The
commitment is, no doubt, driven to a large measure by the current
top-down methodologies for fabrication of silicon-based devices.
This is implied in the next-generation approach towards
manufacture of MEMS, microprocessors, optical switching and
several other electronic components.
8. Nanotechnology is continually playing vital role to
improve the capability of electronic products. The
technology also made the devices very light making
the product easy to carry or move and at the same
time it has reduced the power requirement. Some
Consumer Products which are using
Nanotechnology:
Computer Hardware
Display Devices
Mobile & Communication Products
Audio Products
Camera & Films
The world market for nanoelectronics is expected to
reach $507.6 billion by 2016.
9. NANO-ROBOTICS
o A nanorobot is a tiny machine designed to perform a specific
task or tasks repeatedly and with precision at nanoscale
dimensions, that is, dimensions of a few nanometer s (nm) or
less, where 1 nm = 10 -9 meter
o They are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of
maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens
o The joint use of nanoelectronics, photolithography, and new
biomaterials provides a possible approach to manufacturing
nanorobots for common medical applications, such as for
surgical instrumentation, diagnosis and drug delivery.
o Potential applications for nanorobotics in medicine include
early diagnosis and targeted drug-delivery for cancer.
10. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanomedicine.
Nanobiotechnology.
Green nanotechnology.
Energy applications of nanotechnology.
Industrial applications of nanotechnology.
Potential applications of carbon nanotubes.
11.
12. GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY
Green nanotechnology has two goals:
I. Producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human
health.
II. Producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems.
Current research:
1. One major project that is being worked on is the development of nanotechnology
in solar cell.Solar cells are more efficient as they get tinier and solar energy is a
renewable resource. The price per watt of solar energy is lower than one dollar.
2. Nanotechnology offers the potential of novel nanomaterials for the treatment of
surface water, groundwater, wastewater, and other environmental materials
contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and
microorganisms.
13. NANO MEDICINES
Nanomedicine is the medical application
of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology has provided the
possibility of delivering drugs to specific
cells using nanoparticles.
To treat breast cancer, non-small- cell lung
cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer, is
the nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel.
14. ENERGY APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Reduction of energy consumption.
Increasing the efficiency of energy production.
Nuclear Accident Cleanup and Waste Storage.
15. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Nano foods:-On PEN's list are three foods:
i. A brand of canola cooking oil called Canola Active Oil.
ii. A tea called Nanotea.
iii. A chocolate diet shake called Nanoceuticals Slim Shake Chocolate.
Surfaces and coatings
Textiles:-The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-
repellent or wrinkle-free.
Cosmetics:-Titanium oxide nanoparticles have a comparable UV protection
property.
Sports
Aerospace and vehicle manufacturers:-Nanotechnology might thus help to reduce
the size of equipment and thereby decrease fuel-consumption required to get it
airborne.
17. DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and its development is the
possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and manufacturing industry.
Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and
more destructive. These can also become more accessible with nanotechnology.
Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from the
inhalation of these minute particles, much like the problems a person gets from
inhaling minute asbestos particles.
Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a lot
of money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which is probably why
products made with nanotechnology are more expensive.
18. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
National Science and Technology Council (USA) claims that:
“Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change the
nature of almost every human-made object in the next century.”
