Anatomy and physiology focussing on STD . Prepared during dermatology posting .

1. Anupam Ghimire
GP/EM resident

2. Contents
• Overview on male reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Tissue

3. Male Reproductive System
• Include :
 Testes, a system of ducts (including the
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory
ducts, and urethra)
 Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles,
prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and
several supporting structures
 Including the scrotum and the penis

5. • Testes (male gonads) produce sperm and
secrete hormones.
• Duct system transports and stores sperm,
assists in their maturation, and conveys them
to the exterior.
• Semen contains sperm plus the secretions
provided by the accessory sex glands.

6. Function of Male reproductory system
• Testes : Sperm , Testosterone
• Ducts : Transport, store, assist in maturation
of sperm
• Accessory sex glands: Secretes liquid portion
of semen
• Penis : Ejaculation of semen, excretion of
urine

7. Scrotum
• Supporting structure for the testes
• consists of loose skin and underlying
subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root
(attached portion) of the penis.
• Externally, the scrotum looks like a single pouch
of skin separated into lateral portions by a
median ridge called the raphe
• Internally, the scrotal septum divides the
scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single
testis .

8. • Septum is made up of a subcutaneous
layer and muscle tissue called the dartos
muscle.
• Associated with each testis in the scrotum is
the cremaster muscle.
- contraction of its muscle fibers regulate the
temperature of the testes.
• Normal sperm production requires a
temperature about 2–3C below core body
temperature.

9. Testes
• Reproductive glands of the male
• Paired, small oval, pink colour
• Situated outside the abdominal cavity inside the
scrotum
• About 4.5cm long, 2.5cm wide, and 3cm thick,
weight about 10-15gm

10. STRUCTURE OF TESTES
COVERING OF TESTES:
• surrounded by three layers:
- Tunica Vaginalis: Outermost covering of testes
formed by serous membrane
- Tunica albuginea: Middle covering of testes
formed by fibrous tissue
- Tunica Vasculosa: It is the inner most layer of
connective tissue, and rich in blood vessels.

11. Glandular part of testes
• Each testis consists of 200 – 300 lobules.
• Each lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled loops
called seminiferous tubule.
• In between seminiferous tubule lies the
Interstitial cells [cells of Leydig]. These secrete
testosterone

12. Structure of testes

14. EPIDIDYMIS
• Important part of the male reproductive
system.
• Firm structure lying posterior to the testis with
vas deferens lying on its medial side.
• It is in the form of a narrow, coiled tube
connecting the efferent ducts from the near of
each testis to its vas deferens.

15. FUNCTIONS OF EPIDIDYMIS
• It store sperm.
• Transports the spermatozoa from testes to vas
deferens.

16. VAS DEFERENS
• Vas deferens is thick walled tube that conveys
mature sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct.
• It is about 45cm long, 3mm diameter and
1mm thick, arising from the lower end of the
epididymis.
FUNCTION OF VAS DEFERENS
- To transport spermatozoa from Epididymis to
ejaculatory duct.

17. SPERMTAIC CORD
• Spermatic cord suspends the testes in the
scrotum.
• Each spermatic cord is composed of
fibroconnective tissue and smooth muscle
contained to:
• Testicular artery Testicular vein
Lymph vessels Nerves
Vas deferens (Ductus deferens)
Processus Vaginalis

18. FUNCTIONS OF SPERMATIC CORD
To suspend testes in the scrotum.
To give passage for different structures
EJACULATORY DUCT
• Ejaculatory ducts are two short tubes about 2cm
in length.
• Pass through the prostate gland and join the
prostatic urethra. It is carrying seminal fluid and
spermatozoa to the urethra

19. SEMINAL VESICLES
• Seminal vesicles are two small fibro muscular
pouches. They are situated in lower abdomen
on either side of Prostate.
FUNCTIONS OF SEMINAL VESICLES
• The seminal vesicles secrete mucin.
• These secretions provide nutrition of sperm,
clotting of sperm.

20. PROSTATE
• Accessory gland of male reproductive system.
• Lies in the pelvic cavity in front of rectum and
behind the symphysis pubis.
FUNCTIONS OF PROSTATE GLAND
• Secrete a thin, milky, slightly alkaline fluid,
contains sodium, calcium, zinc, citrate,
cholesterol, phospholipids and clotting enzyme
called prostatic fluid. These fluids help in
maintenance of optimum pH for fertilization.
• Prostatic fluids help in clotting of semen.

21. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
• Also called as Cowper’s glands.
• Small, two pea sized glands situated below the
prostate gland.
FUNCTIONS
• Production of pre-ejaculate fluid  help to
lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass
and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the
urethra.

22. SEMEN
• Fluid and contains sperm and secretions of
seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s
glands.
• Each ejaculation, it discharges about 2-3.5 ml of
semen with 200-300 million of sperms.
COMPOSITIONS OF SEMEN
- Sperms 10%
- Products from seminal vesicle 60%
- Products from prostate gland 30%

23. HORMONAL REGULATION OF MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

24. ORGANS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

25. EXTERNAL GENITALIA

27. INTERNAL GENITALIA
• lies in the pelvic cavity consists of vagina,
uterus, uterine tube, ovaries.

28. VAGINA
• Fibro muscular tube.
• lies in the front of the rectum & anus and
behind the urinary bladder. About 3 inches
long.
FUNCTIONS OF VAGINA
• Birth passage.
• Passage way of sperm
• Sexual intercourse.

29. UTERUS
• Is the pear shaped, hollow muscular,
flattened, organ.
• Situated in the pelvic cavity between the
urinary bladder and the rectum.
• length of uterus is about 7.5cm long, 5cm
wide, 2.5cm thick weight about 30-40 gm.

31. SUPPORT OF UTERUS

35. • Parts of Male urethra:
(1) The prostatic urethra passes through the
prostate.
(2) The membranous (intermediate) urethra,
the shortest portion, passes through the deep
muscles of the perineum.
(3) The spongy urethra, the longest portion,
passes through the penis.

36. STD : Causes

37. Tissue
Male
• Epididymis, Vas deferens :
Pseudostratified columnar
• Ejaculatory duct : Simple
columnar
• Bulbouretheral gland:
Simple columnar
Female
• Endometrium : Simple
columnar, cilliated
• Cervix: Simple columnar
• Vagina : Stratified
squamous, non –
keratinized
• Labia majora : Stratified
squamous , keratinized

38. N. Gonorrhoea
Pathogenesis:
1. Pili
- Attachment to mucosal surface
- Inhibit phagocytic uptake
2. Outer membrane protein
- Adherence
- IgA protease : Aids in colonization & cellular
uptake
3. Invades mucosal surface  causes inflammaton

39. C. Trachomatis
- Obligate intracellular bacterium
- Found in cells as metabolicaly active ,
replicating reticulate bodies
- Infective form : Inactive , extracellular
elementary body
Pathogenesis:
- Infection of nonciliated columnar or cuboidal
epithelial cells mucosal surface 
granulomatous response and damage

40. Treponema pallidum