INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON BIOLOGY

1. JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
SARANG, DHENKANAL , (ODISHA)
“CERTIFICATION”
This is to certify that the project was done by “ANUP KUMAR SEN” student
of class 12th
Biology registration number is in partial
fulfillment of the Biology examination 2019-20 certify that this project is
done by his with her own efforts and with guidance and supervision of the
teacher.
I approve the project for submission as required for the partial
fulfillment of the higher secondary school certificate.
__________________ ___________________
PROJECT GUIDE PRINCIPAL
(Mr. K. MUKHERJEE) (Mr. N.C. KAR )

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very glad to have the opportunity to make this project &
express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide
Mr .K. MUKHERJEE for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout this project. I would like to
thank the people who helped me directly or indirectly to
complete the project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to Mr. N. C. KAR,
Principal JNV SARANG, for their valuable encouragement and
approval of the project work.
Lastly, I thank The Almighty, my parents and friends for their
constant encouragement.
- ANUP KUMAR SEN
Class – 12th
science

3. CONTENT:-
 Introduction
 Types ofdiseases
 Mode oftransmission
 Viraldiseases
 Bacterial diseases
 Protozoondiseases
 Some important diseases &dates
 Bibliography

4. Introduction:
PROJECT REPORT ON HUMAN DISEASES
A disease is a condition of the body or a part of it in which
functions are disturbed or arranged. Diseases may also be
defined as morphological , physiological , psychological
disturbance in the body or body parts caused by some
external agencies which may be non-parasitic e.g. deficiency
of nutrients or may be parasitic caused by causes, bacteria ,
fungi etc. The term disease means DIS- EASE or discomfort. In
short it can be defined as ‘disease is disorder of body’.
SOURCES OF DISEASES
The reservoirs of human diseases are:
a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of many diseases like,
Measles, Mumps, Tuberculosis, Diphtheriaetc.
b) Food and Water: These are reservoir of pathogens
of many diseases like, cholera, polio, typhoid,
roundworm, tape wormetc.
c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of tetanus diseases.
d) Animals: These are those living organisms which spread
the pathogensfrom an infected person of healthy person. These
do not suffer from the diseases so are also called reservoirhost.

5. TYPES OF DISEASES
Diseases are broadly classified into two categories:
A. CONGENITALDISEASES
Diseases present since birth and are caused due to
defective development of inheritance e.g. congenital heart
diseases, hemophilia, colour blindness etc.
B. Acquireddiseases
Diseases developed after birth. They are further classified as-
a) Communicablediseases
b) Non-Communicable diseases
Differences between Communicable & Non-Communicable
Diseases
S.
No.
Communicable diseases Non-communicable
diseases
1. The diseases which
spread from one person
to another.
1. The diseases which are not
transmitted from one person to
another.
2. They are caused by
pathogens,
e.g. malaria, smallpox etc.
2. They are caused by deficiency
of nutrients, allergy, abnormal
proliferation of cells etc. e.g.
kwashiorkor, cancer etc.

6. MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
The diseases are transmitted from the reservoirs of infection to
the healthy persons the following ways:
1) Direct transmission: The pathogens are transmitted from an
infected person or healthy person directly without an
intermediate agent. It occurs in following ways-
a) Contact with infected person e.g., small pox and chicken
pox.
b) Contact with soil e.g.Tetanus.
2. Indirect transmission: The pathogens of some diseases are
carried through some intermediate agents. It occurs in following
ways:
a) Air borne diseases.
b) By unclean hands and fingers.

7. VIRAL DISEASES
1. RABIES
Rabies a fatal viral disease that is transmitted to human beings
by bite of rabid dog or cat.
A number of wild animals also carry the virus, e.g. Jaundice
wolves, foxes, bat, monkeys, rabbit etc. Disease is not
expressed after infection up to 1-3 months.
Symptoms: Rabies is 100% fatal disease. It is characterized by
high fever and pain contraction of muscles of throat and chest.
The patient feels restless, has choking feet and finds difficulty
in taking even liquid food. He is afraid of water, so called
hydrophobia. The virus destroys the brain and spinal cord. So, it
causes paralysis and painful death.
Prevention:
v Compulsory immunization of dogs and cats should be
done. Pet dogs should be vaccinated with anti-rabiesvaccine.
v Rabid animal should be killed, if it shows excessive
salivation and tries seekingisolation.
Control:There is no treatment until now.

8. 2. AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is
caused by HIV (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus). It was
firstly detected in June 1981 in USA. This virus weakens the
human body’s immunity or self defense mechanism.
Hence the AIDS virus reduces the natural immunity of the
human body; therefore, the body saving AIDS becomes prone
to many other infections.
Modes of transmission:
1.It spreads through sexual contact with an infected person
carrying AIDS virus. 2. It spread though the transfusion of
blood infected with AIDS virus.3.It spread through the use of
infected needles for injections, blade or razors and other
equipment of barbers.4.The children of AIDS infected mother
get this disease from mother’s blood.

9. Symptoms:The important symptoms are-
v Severe brain damage which may lead to loss of memory, ability
to speak and think.
v Swollen lymphnodes.
v Decreased count of blood platelets causinghemorrhage.
v Sweating at night and weight loss.
v AIDS patient also become more susceptible to infections of
anybody. A full blown AIDS patient dies within three years
and mortality is100%.
Prevention: No absolutely satisfactory vaccine is yet available. So,
we can prevent AIDS only preventive measures like-
v Use of disposable syringes.
v Using condoms and adopt clean sex habits.
v People should be educated aboutAIDS.
v Blood test must be done in pregnant woman, blood donor’s
organ donors.
v Dentists should use sterilized instrument.
v The common razor at the barber shop should beused.
Control:Till today there is no specific therapy against HIV infection.
Some medical have been discovered which can suppress AIDS virus.
National AIDS Control (NACO)program was started in
1987. World AIDS day is observed on : December 1.

10. BACTERIAL DISEASES
TYPHOID
TYPHOID:Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhoid bacteria, commonly found
in interterm of man. It is most common communicable diseases. This is common
is age group of 1-15 years. Every year about 2.5 million people suffer from
typhoid.
Modes of transmission: Contaminated food and water and house flies.
Symptoms:It is characterized by-
v Headache and rise in bodytemperature.
v Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
v Diarrhea which becomeshemorrhagic.
v Rose coloured rash on the upperabdomen.
Control:Antibiotics can treat the diseases.
Prevention:
v Underground disposal of humanfaces.
v Disinfection of water and proper cooking of food.
v Typhoid oral vaccines also prevent typhoid.
v TAB- Vaccine provides immunity for years.
v Typhoid is diagnosed by widal test.

11. PROTOZOAN DISEASES
MALARIA: Malaria is more common in tropical and
subtropical countries, especially in Africa and Asia. It is
estimated that about 300 million people are infected with
malaria every year and more than 2 million people die
annually due to this diseases.
Causes:Malaria is caused by the toxins produced in the
human body by the malaria parasite Plasmodium. Presence
of malarial parasite can be checked by blood test.
Modes of transmission: Plasmodium of transmitted by female
Anopheles mosquito. When this mosquito bites man to suck
blood, it introduces its saliva containing the malarial parasite
into the blood stream of the man.
Symptoms:Malaria attack is preceded by headache, nausea and
muscular pain. Total period of malarial attack is of 6-10 hour
and can be divided into 3 stages:
v Cold stage- Characterized by chilling andshivering.
v Hot stage- Characterized by high fever, faster rate of
breathing and heartbeat, etc.
v Sweating stage- It is characterized by lowering down
of temperatureto normal.
After the malaria attack, the patient feels weak, exhausted and
anemic. The malaria may secondarily cause engagement of liver
and spleen.

12. Prevention:
v Use of insect repellants to prevent mosquitobite.
v Wire- gauzing of doors, windows, etc. to check the entry of
mosquitoes.
v Killing of adult mosquitoes by spraying insecticides likes D.D.T
v All the mosquito breeding places should be destroyed or covered.
Kerosene oil should be sprayed on ponds and ditches to kill the larva.
v Sleeping under mosquito nets.
v Destroying breeding places of mosquitoes.
Control: A number of anti-malarial drugs are available. The commonest
anti- malarial drug is quinine. Efforts are being medicine for the
development of an anti-malarial vaccine.
.

13. Cancer:
It is the uncontrolled and unwanted growth of cells.
Cause:
1. No definite cause has been arrived at so far. However, it
is found thatbody has proto-oncogenes. These are
activated by some substances or stimulus, which convert
these into active cancer-causingoncogenes.
2. Heavy smoking andalcoholism.
3. Chewing of tobacco.
4. Consistent irritation of skin or repeated injury at the same
point. Cancer isa kind of tumorous growth.
Tumours can be classified into two categories:
a) Benign tumour: It remains confined to the place of
origin and doesnot spread to other body parts. It is
relativelyharmless.
b) Malignant tumour: It spreads to other parts of the
body and growthis rapid. This is serious and may
cause death of thepatient.

14. Symptoms:
1. Persistent lump or thickening in tissues, especially in
tongue, breast and uterus.
2. Any irregular bleeding or blood-tinged discharge from any
body organ’s opening.
3. Any sore that does not heal quickly.
4. Change in the form of mole orwart.
5. Persistent hoarseness in voice, cough or difficulty
inswallowing.
Prevention and cure:
1. Cancer check up should be done once ayear.
2. Treatment should be taken under medical advice.
3. Avoid smoking, taking alcohol and chewing of tobacco.
4. Observe regularity in life style to keep body healthy.

15. Filariasis:
Pathogen: Filarial worm (Wuchereria bancrofti)
Mode of transmission: Bites of mosquitoes – Aedes and Culex.
Symptoms
1. Fever
2. Collection of endothellial cells and metabolites in the wall of
lymphvessels.
3. Swelling takes place in certain parts of the body like legs, breasts
& scrotum.
4. Swelling of legs which appear as legs of elephant, so this
disease is also called Elephantiasis.
Prevention and cure
1. Mesh doors and windows in the house to check the entry
ofmosquitoes.
2. The water collected in tanks or other articles should be
properlycovered.
3. Sprinkling of kerosene in ditches,etc.
4. Drugs may be administered.

16. SOME IMPORTANT DATES ABOUT DISEASES:
· World TB Day- 24 March.
· National TB control program was started in1962.
· The incidence of Tetanus in India is about 30-50 persons
per one lakh.
· Bubonic Plague is commonest type of plague.
· Incidence of Diarrhoea disease is highest in Andhra and
Orissa states.
· Hepatitis is more dangerous than AIDS.
· Macculoch (1827) proposed the namemalaria.
· Laveran (1880) discovered malarial parasites in the
blood of amalarial patient.
· Ronald Ross (1897) proved that malarial
parasite is spread by female Anopheles Mosquito.
· April 25 is called Malaria Day.

17. Bibliography:
 www.google.co.in/
 www.slideshare.com/
 www.en.wikipedia.com/
 NCERT Textbook of Biology

18. INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
BIOLOGY
FOR AISSCE 2019-20
Submitted by:-ANUP KUMAR SEN
(XII -Science)
AISSCE Roll no._________
TOPIC:- COMMON HUMAN
DISEASES