1. Chapter 3
How do we understand/measure time in regards to ancient art history?
What divides Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Periods?

2. Identify the following sites on the map of Western Europe: Stonehenge,
Neanderthal, Carnac, Lascaux, Chauvet.
Distinguish between Paleolithic and Neolithic cultural organization.
Review different theories about the meaning of the Venus of Willendorf.
Describe the style of the Lascaux paintings and compare them with Australian
rock paintings. Consider style and content.
Describe the development of Stonehenge from c. 3000 BC to c. 1800 BC
Discuss some of the theories about its significance, describe its system of
elevation and the nature of its site.
Explain why the discoveries at Chauvet are important.

3. Prehistoric - before the existence of written language
Paleolithic- 1,500,000 bc to 8,000 bc
Mesolithic - 8000 bc- 6000bc in southeast Europe and 8,000 to 4000 bc
rest of Europe
Neolithic 6,000/4,000 to 2,000 bc and continued another thousand
years in northwest Europe

4. 3.1 Venus of Willendorf,
from Willendorf, Austria,
c. 25,000 - 21,000 B.C.

5. 3.2 Venus of Laussel, from Laussel,
Dordogne, France,
c. 25,000 - 23,000 B.C.

6. 3.3 Hall of Running Bulls, Lascaux, Dordogne, France, c. 15,000 - 13,000 B.C.

7. 3.5 "Chinese Horse," Lascaux, Dordogne, France, c. 15,000 - 13,000 B. C.

8. Interactive Lascaux
http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml

9. 3.6 "Lion Panel," Chauvet cave, Ardèche Valley, France, c. 25,000 – 17,000 B.C.

10. Visit Chauvet Cave
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/index.html

11. 3.7 Men and women hunting kangaroos, Unbalanya Hill, Northern Territory, Australia

12. 3:8 Carnac Brittany 4000 bc Menhirs

13. 3.9 Dolmen, Crucuno, north of Carnac, Brittany, France, c. 4,000 B.C.

15. 3.10 Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, c. 2,800 – 1,500 B.C.

17. Facts on Stonehenge
Stonehenge was built between 3100 – 1100 BCE. but these dates vary
greatly
The circle was aligned with the midsummer sunrise, the midwinter
sunset, and the most southerly rising and northerly setting of the moon.
The ground plan and structural engineering of Stonehenge incorporate
sophisticated mathematical and geometrical understandings on the part
of its builders.

18. There were two types of stones used in its construction: the ‘bluestones’
(weighing as much as four tons and brought from 240 miles away) and the
Sarsen stones (averaging eighteen feet in height and twenty-five tons in
weight).
It has been estimated that the construction of Stonehenge required more
than thirty million hours of labor.
More than nine hundred stone rings exist in the British Isles. Of these,
Stonehenge is the most well known.
The megalithic monuments of Britain and Europe predate those of the
eastern Mediterranean, Egyptian, Mycenaean and Greek cultures.
The Druids had nothing to do with the construction of the stone rings.
Druids are known to have conducted their ritual activities mostly in sacred
forest groves.

19. Prior to the 1950’s most archaeologists believed that Stonehenge’s use had been
limited to the ritual activities of different Neolithic chiefdoms. However, it is now
known that Stonehenge had another equally important function, which was its use
as an astronomical observatory.

20. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Oxford University engineer Professor Alexander
Thom and the astronomer Gerald Hawkins pioneered the new field of
archaeoastronomy - the study of the astronomies of ancient civilizations.
Conducting surveys at Stonehenge and other megalithic structures, Thom and
Hawkins discovered many significant astronomical alignments among the
stones. This evidence indicates that Stonehenge and other stone rings were
used as astronomical observatories.
Stonehenge was simultaneously used for both astronomical observation and
ritual function. By gathering data regarding the movement of celestial bodies,
the Stonehenge observations were used to indicate appropriate periods in the
annual ritual cycle. During those periods, among them being the solstices,
equinoxes and different lunar days, festivals and ceremonies were held.

21. 5000BC Skara Brae- Scotland
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aobXkXyPwuk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pXtHqAGN6E