Public Administration has evolved through five stages: 1. Era of Orthodoxy (1887-1926) characterized the politics-administration dichotomy. 2. Principles of Administration (1927-1937) focused on universal principles of efficiency. 3. As Political Science (1938-1947) when behavioral thinkers challenged rational assumptions. 4. As Administrative Science (1948-1970) addressing postwar challenges and cross-cultural studies. 5. New Public Management (1971-present) emphasized reinventing government through privatization and deregulation. The discipline was influenced by several theorists and developed differently in the Philippine context due to Spanish and American colonialism.

1. Public Administration and the Influences
of the Multi-Disciplinary Evolution of
Management Thought
ARIEL P. ANGHAY , MDMG, DPA
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2. Evolution of Thought
Broadly, there are five stages in the chronology of the evolution of Public Administration as a
discipline:
Stage 1: Era of Orthodoxy: Politics administration
dichotomy (1887-1926)
Began with the 1887 essay on “The Study of Administration” by Woodrow Wilson
Wilson believed in the Science of administration
Goodnow- “ Politics has to do with the policies and expression of state will” ; “ Administration
involves execution of these policies”
Water tight separation between politics & Administration

3. Stage 2: Principles of administration
(1927-1937)
Scholars believed in fundamental principles of administration applicable in general parlance to
all types of administration irrespective of public or private organizations
That can enhance economy, efficiency and effectiveness of public administration
Value neutrality
Public administration as science- experiments to find best methods and bench marking etc
Scientific Management Movement- F.W.Taylor

4. Stage 3: Public Administration as Political
Science: Era of challenge (1938-1947)
Challenges faced by the discipline from behavioral thinkers and Human Resource school of thought
Challenging the over simplistic assumptions of a rational economic man
Stage 4: Public Administration as Administrative Science-
(Management) Crises of identity (1948-1970)
Post war period- challenges in society
return of ‘values’ in Public administration
cross cultural as well as cross national study of administration
New Public Administration
Comparative Public Administration

5. Stage 5: New Public Management (NPM) as Public
Administration: Public policy perspective (1971 onwards)
Reinventing & Reengineering Government
New Public Management
New Public Service
Post Modernism
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8. Politics Administration Dichotomy (Woodrow Wilson)
Rests on a functional-structural view of government, dividing governmental
authority between elected and administrative officials along functional lines
Administration/ Executive is of two types :
1.Elected Representatives (Policy Formulation)
2.Career Bureaucrats(Policy Implementation)
 This paradigm was the beginning of Public administration as a discipline where
attempt was made to see administration and politics as completely distinct from each
other

10. Fayol’s Principles of management
1.Division of work 1. Centralization or Decentralization
2. Authority 2. Scalar chain (clear line of
communication)
3. Discipline 3. Equity
4. Unity of command 4. Order
5. Unity of direction 5. Stability of tenure
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest 6. Initiative
7. Remuneration 7. Esprit de corps
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12. Leonard D. White, 1926
• It was in 1926 that the first text in the field of public administration
was written by Leonard D. White.
• Authored Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.
• One of his assumptions was that administration is still an art. He, however,
recognized the ideal of transforming it into a science.
• his work avoided the potential pitfalls of the politics-administration dichotomy but
rather concentrated on emphasizing the managerial phase of administration.

13. Frederick Taylor , 1911
• dubbed as the “Father of Scientific Management,” is best known for his “one best way approach” in
accomplishing task.
• Taylor, Generally considered the father of scientific management pioneered the development of time
and motion studies. He wrote the result of his studies in 1911 in the Principles of Scientific
Management

14. • a German sociologist who is known as the “Father of Modern
Sociology,” made a lucid descriptive analysis of bureaucratic organizations.
• He presented some major variables or features of bureaucracy such as: hierarchy, division of
labor, formally written rules and procedures, impersonality and neutrality
• providing a reference point in evaluating both the good and bad effects of bureaucratic
structures. (Weber 1946 as cited in Shafritz and Hyde 1997)
Max Weber (1946)

15. POSDCORB (functions of Management)
POSDCORB was coined by Gulick with Urwick.
P –Planning
O- Organizing
S- Staffing
D- Directing
C- Coordinating
R- Reporting
B- Budgeting

16. Abraham Maslow (1943)
• focused on the hierarchical needs of the individual.
• His “theory of human motivation,” states that the human being has five sets of
needs: physiological, safety, love or affiliation, esteem and ultimately, and self-
actualization.
Self Actualization
Pursue inner
talent,Creativity,
Fulfillment
SELF ESTEEM
Achievement , Mastery,Recognition,Respect
BELONGING –LOVE
Friends,Family, Spouse
SAFETY
Security, Stability ,Freedom from fear
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Food ,Shelter, Water

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19. PA as Developing Discipline
Betonio, J.B. Jan. 2016

21. Political Science deals with “ WHAT” of Govt.
Public Administration deals with “HOW” of Govt.
Economy
Efficiency
Effectiveness
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22. Philippine: Pre Colonial Period
- PA IN PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
 SULTANATE IN SULU AND OTHER PARTS OF MINDANAO
ESTABLISHED SOME FORM OF POLITICAL ,ECONOMIC,
CULTURAL ,SOCIAL OR COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION
EXISTED AND SERVED TO REGULATE CONDUCT OF THE
PEOPLE THEN IN UNWIELDY TRIBAL STATES (REYES, D.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE PHIL: HISTORY, HERITAGE AND HUBRIS)
 THE REGIONS IN MAGUINDANAO AND OTHER PARTS IN
MINDANAO WERE CONSOLIDATED POLITICALLY UNDER
ONE SULTAN BUT THE “LIFE , STRUCTURE , AND VALUES
OF THESE COMMUNITIES HAD NOT YET LAID DOWN THE
FOUNDATIONS OF EITHER AN ACTUALLY EMERGENT OR
ESTABLISHED BUREAUCRACY ( CORPUZ 1989)
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23. The Spanish Colonial Regime
- PA IN SPANISH REGIME
 THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM INTRODUCED BY SPAIN
WHEN IT COLONIZED THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO BEGAN
THE TRADITION OF CENTRALIZATION FOR PURPOSES OF
CONSOLIDATING ITS EMPIRE (REYES, D. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHIL: HISTORY, HERITAGE AND HUBRIS)
 A SPECIAL AND PRIVILEGED CLASS OF BUREAUCRATS
,PREDOMINANTLY SPANISH ,WERE MAINTAINED TO
ADMINISTER THE AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIAL POPULATION
AS A WHOLE (ENDRIGA 1989:307; CORPUZ 1957 :24-42)

24. In the Philippines , the field of study of Public Administration has been
initially largely based on American theories.
There is however today a growing number of literature in the
Philippines which can be seen as “indigenous” or those that reflect
Philippine conditions and situations.
These are however limited by funding problems supporting
“indigenous” researches that would describe or depict the realities and
dynamics of Public Administration practices in the Philippines.
The American influence of PA in the country

25. It is therefore understandable that public administration practices, values and processes are derived and
patterned after the American model.
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26. These involved such established policies as:
• merit and fitness principles in determining appointments,
• the use of qualification standards in civil service positions,
• open competitive examinations and eligibility requirements in the selection of
qualified applicants,
• promotion procedures,
• salary standardization,
• security of tenure, and
• political neutrality, among others.
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27. The Philippine Commonwealth and the Filipino Civil Service
 BY THE TIME THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH WAS
ESTABLISHED IN 1935 , THE CIVIL SERVICE HAD BEEN
COMPLETELY FILIPINIZED.
 THE COMMONWEALTH ADOPTED A GOVERNMENT
“REPUBLICAN IN FORM , FILIPINO IN PERSONNEL ,AND
ENJOYING AUTONOMY IN DOMESTIC AFFAIRS” (CORPUZ 1957 :214)
 ADOPTION OF THE 1935 CONSTITUTION , WHICH EMBRACED
ALL BRANCHES AND SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVT
TO CAREERISM , SECURITY OF TENURE ETC AND THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF BUREAU OF CIVIL SERVICE . A SERIES OF
LAWS AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS WERE ENACTED AND ISSUED TO
OPERATIONALIZED THE CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE. (CORPUZ 1957)

28. References :
*The Bureaucracy in the Philippines , Manila : Institute of Public Administration , Corpuz ,
Onofre D. 1957
The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Quezon City : Aklahi Foundation , Corpuz, Onofre D. 1989
*Public Administration in the Phil: History, Heritage and Hubris, Reyes ,Danilo R., 1999
*Is there a Philippine Public Administration or Better Still, for whom is Public Administration? :
Alex Brillantes, Jr. and Maricel Fernandez June, 2008
*Management & Public Administration: Evolution of thought
(Ram Niwas Meena, Ram Singh, Mohammad Tayyab, Shipra Srivastava, Nitisha Mann,
KunalAngrish, Bishop Sarkar, Charu Nigam)
*Phases in the Evolution of Public Administration,
Jo Balucanag – Bitonio ,2016
*www.ginandjar.com 3s

29. Thank you..