Presentation by Paresh Khatri at APRICOT 2019 on Wednesday, 27 February 2019.

1. © 2019 Nokia1
5G Technology
Public
A tutorial for IP engineers
• Paresh Khatri
• 27 February 2019

2. 2 © Nokia 2019
• Motivations and use cases
• Radio evolution
• RAN functional splits
• 5G Next Generation Core (NGC)
• Content Distribution
• Dimensioning 5G networks: methodology
• Dimensioning example
Public
Agenda

3. 3 © Nokia 2019
Motivations and use cases
Public

4. 4 © Nokia 2019
Generations of mobile technology
Public
# of subscribers (= human or machine)
amountoftraffic/sub/month
2G
3G 4G
4G the
visual
experience
3G Start of
mobile
broadband2G all about
audio & TXT
?

5. 5 © Nokia 2019
Use-Case Delivered by Network Slice
Application
Category
Examples
Cost
Sensitivity
Deploy-
ment
Throughpt (bps) Latency (RTT)
Reliability
UL DL E2E Appl. Network
Mobile Broadband
∙ Smartphones in dense urban
∙ Corporate mobile office
Medium mass 10-50M
100-
300M
50-200ms 15-25ms Medium - High
Fixed Wireless
Access
∙ 5G for residential homes
∙ Wireless SOHO/VPN
High targeted 100-200M 1-5G 150-200ms 1-20ms High
Event experience
∙ Immersive VR360
∙ AR gaming
Medium targeted 1-5G 1-100M 5-50ms 1-5ms Medium - High
In -Vehicle
Entertainment
∙ Private cars
∙ Public transport
Medium mass 1k-1M 5-100M 150-200ms 1-20ms Medium-High
Critical automation
∙ Collaborative robots/drones
∙ Electrical grid tele-protection
Low mass 1-10M 1M 5-50ms 1-5ms High/Very High
Tele-operation
∙ Video-based remote control
∙ Video w/haptic remote cntrl
Medium targeted 1-10M 1M 50-150ms 1-25ms High/Very High
Highly interactive AR
∙ Co-present Mixed Reality
∙ 360o
volumetric video AR/MR
Medium targeted 1-100M 5-100M 50-100ms 1-10ms Medium
Mass sensor arrays
∙ Agriculture field sensors
∙ Smart city sensors & meters
Very High mass 1k-1M 1k-1M 1-2s
200-
500ms
Medium-Low
Diverse range of use cases
Industries:
• Manufacturing
• Seaports, Mining
• Agriculture
• Utilities
• Smart Cities
Consumers:
• Mobile
Broadband
• Events
• Entertainment
• SoHo/Homes
(8 Slice Types x 5 Slice Specifics) per industry x 1000 industries = 40.000 simultaneous optimizations
maturity
Public

6. 6 © Nokia 2019
LTE limitations for certain use caseslimitations for
Industries
Consumers
IoT Density
1000x
Peak
Rates
100x
Network Latency
10x
Service Intro
-93%
Data Volume
1000x
Reliability
+90%
BTS Energy
-80%
(idle, no connected users)
Mobility
500km/
h
LTE
5G10msà1ms
4à5 9’s
90 days à 90 min 1Kà1M/km2
100Mbpsà10Gbps
10Gb/s/km2à10 Tb/s/km2
Use-Case
LTE
possible ?
LTE limitations
Mobile Broadband √ DL Tput
Fixed Wireless
Access √ reliability,
DL Tput, cost
Event experience - latency,
UL tput
In -Vehicle
Entertainment √ DL Tput,
high mobility
Critical automation - latency,
reliability
Tele-operation √ reliability,
latency
Highly interactive AR - latency,
UL Tput
Mass sensor arrays √ cost
sensitivity
Public

7. 7 © Nokia 2019
Why 5G ?
Public
More efficient network:
- Support many more users
- Offer higher data rates
- More consistent user experience
- Higher connection densities
- Wider network coverage
- More efficient signaling
- Prolong device battery life
- More distributed user plane
# of subscribers (= human or machine)
amountoftraffic/sub/month
2G
3G 4G
5G
4G the
visual
experience
3G Start of
mobile
broadband2G all about
audio & TXT
5G will be
about
federation &
touch
5G will change the world of mobile networking - combining low latency, a very short transit, a high availability,
high reliability with a high level of security

8. 8 © Nokia 2019
5G: Built to address new requirements
Public
10
years
battery life
100 Mb/s
whenever needed
Ultra Reliable, Low Latency
Communication,
(uRRLC, cMTC)
10x-
100x
more devices
10,000x
more traffic
M2M
ultra low
cost
>10 Gb/s
peak data rates
<1 ms
radio latencyMassive
machine
communication
Extreme
Mobile
Broadband
Critical
machine
communication
10x data rates
3x spectral efficiency
5x energy efficiency
10x lower IoT power
10x lower latency
20 Gb/s
>10 bps/cell/Hz
<1 kWh/TB
<10 µWh per tx
<1 ms
Changes vs LTE Targets
Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB)
Massive MTC
(mMTC)
MTC = Machine Type Communication

9. 9 © Nokia 2019
Use Case : Extreme Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
Public
HD Video & Virtual Reality
VR :requires Motion to Photon
latency of 5-7ms
Transport Networking ManagementAccess
Ultra-broadband
VR Gaming
High-throughput
Low latency
VR 4K
Massive MIMO
3D beamforming
Small cells
DISTRIBUTED CENTRALIZED
Cloud RAN
Data
layerPacket
core
functions
Packet
core
functions

10. 10 © Nokia 2019
Advantage
Use Case : Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC)
Public
Resilient, secure low-latency communication
Resilient, secure low-latency comms
Critical comms
Intrusion detection
Manufacturing and process automation
Ultra-low latency at scale
<1ms; 99.999% reliability
Inherent security
by dedicated network slices
Single company network
for all kinds of industrial applications
Wireline connections
today
>90%
DISTRIBUTED CENTRALIZED
Cloud RAN Data
layerPacket
core
functions
Packet
core
functions
Sensor
Customized for the
factory needs
Sensor
Sensor
Private edge cloud network slice for
discrete manufacturing and process
automation
EDGE

11. 11 © Nokia 2019
Latency evolution with 5G
Low E2E latency enables a new generation of latency critical services
Impacts on Transport:
• Reduce number of hops, especially of radio links
• More fiber: xWDM, xPON
• Low latency design for fronthaul and backhaul
domains
• Distribute functions to the access and edge
(MEC), requiring more routing capabilities
• Network Slicing & SDN for dynamic mapping of U-
plane traffic to dedicated (and distributed) edge
clouds
Mission-critical
services, e.g. in V2X or
industrial applications
Moving
virtual networks
Central cloud based > 50 ms latency
Mobile Edge LTE » 10-20 ms
5G Edge » 1-5 ms
5G D2D » 1 ms
5G
5G AP2
5G
Application
servers
Multi Access Edge Cloud
computing
Native
D2D
Core
Cloud
Radio Aggregation CoreUEs
(> 50ms)
» 2.5-5ms
» 10-20 ms
» 1-2.5 ms» 1ms

12. © 2018 Nokia12
What makes 5G different ? (1)
Public
mMIMO
Massive MIMO
Beamforming
New Spectrum
cmWave
solid area
(< 30 GHz)
mmWave
local area
(e.g. 70-90 GHz)
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
10 GHz
90 GHz
10 cm
1m
Below 6GHz
wide area
(<6.5GHz)
LTE-M
Wider Spectrum Allocations
From 10s of MHz to 100s of MHz (even GHz)
50403020 60 8070 GHz
5G
Latency Optimized Architecture
Optimized frame
structure for low
signaling and optimized
scheduling

13. © 2018 Nokia13
What makes 5G different ? (2)
Public
RAN functional splits
L1 PHY
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L2 PDCP
L3 RRC
4G C-RAN
PHY split
RF
BBU
RRH
Circuit-based
fronthaul
L1 H-PHY
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L2 PDCP
L3 RRC
RF
L1 L-PHY
BBU
RU
Packet-based
fronthaul
5G new C-RAN
RF
L1 L-PHY
RU
Fronthaul-LL
5G Cloud-RAN
Cloud-based NFV
L2 PDCP
L3 RRC
CU
L2 RLC
L2 MAC DU
L1 H-PHY
BBU split
processing
Fronthaul-HL (aka F1)
nRT L2 + L3
RT L1 + L2
Fronthaul-LL Content Distribution (CUPS)
Central DCRegional DCEdge Cloud
User Plane Functions
gNB
gNB - DU HL fronthaul
High latency
UPF
eMBB, IoTuRLLC
UPF
Low latency
Control Plane Functions
AMF IMS
UDM NEF NRF
PCFSDL
SMF
eMBBHybrid
Access
UPF UPF
Compute and caching
MEC CDN XYZ
Backhaul

14. 14 © Nokia 2019
Radio evolution
Public

15. 15 © Nokia 2019
Different 5G spectrum ranges for different use cases
Public
3 key spectrum ranges have emerged
Low band
< 3 GHz
Mid-band
3 – 6 GHz
mmWaves
> 24 GHz
Spectrum
range
• 600 MHz (n71)
• 700 MHz (n28)
• 900 MHz (n81)
• 1800 MHz (n80)
• 3.4-3.6 GHz (n78)
• 3.6-3.8 GHz (n77)
• 4.5-4.9 GHz (n79)
• 26 GHz (n257)
• 28 GHz (n258)
• 39 GHz (n260)
Bands
• Deep indoor
• >1 km
• Same grid as
LTE1800
• ~1 km
• Hot spots
• Line of sight
• 100 m
Coverage
~100 Mbps
~1 Gbps
~10 Gbps
Peak
Data rates
FDD
2x10 MHz
TDD
<100 MHz
TDD
<1 GHz
Bandwidth
• Deep indoor coverage for e.g. MTC
• Supplementary UL eMBB coverage
• Coverage layer for MBB
• 5G eMBB coverage on LTE grid
• Major commercial 5G launches are
expected in this spectrum range (JPN,
KRN, CHN, EUR)
• Extreme data rates for e.g. VR in local
areas like stadiums
• Used in US due to lack of 3-6 GHz
Use Cases
Datarate
Cellrange

16. 16 © Nokia 2019
On Latency, Throughput, Synchronization, and Programmability
Impacts of the Progressive Radio Evolution on the Transport Network
Public
Density 10-20 BTS/km2
10-20 BTS/km2
20-50 BTS/km2
20-50 AP/km2
150-300 AP/km2
Throughput:
MHz & bps
20Mhz (2x2)
N x 100Mbps
20 + 20 + 20Mhz /
256QAM
~1Gbps
LAA / LWA
> 1Gbps
N x Gbps Up to 20Gbps
Transport
impact
• Microwave
• Fiber
• Latency: 10-20ms
• Freq sync (except
TDD)
• MW (few hops)
• Fiber for MBH and FH
(optionally)
• Latency: 5-10ms
• Phase & time (CA,
CoMP)
• Short MW hops (E-
Band)
• Fiber for MBH and FH
• 2.5-5ms
• Phase & time (CA,
CoMP, eICIC)
• Short MW hops (E-
Band, W/D Band)
• Fiber for MBH and FH
• Latency: 1-4msec
midhaul; few ms (use
cases dependent)
• More stringent phase
& time
• Short MW hops Fiber
for MBH and FH
• Leveraging xPON
• Latency: 1-2.5msec;
few ms (use cases
dependent)
• Phase & time (some
new features might
come)
Topology &
architecture
RAN Mainly D-RAN D-RAN / C-RAN CloudRAN w/ Ethernet
FH
CloudRAN w/ Ethernet
FH, SDN & SON, network
slicing
CloudRAN & massive
small cells, SDN & SON,
network slicing
Sub-6GHz cm & mm
waves

17. 17 © Nokia 2019
Not just MIMO… massive MIMO
Public
MIMO: Multiple Input, Multiple
Output
• Spatial multiplexing technique that allows reuse of time-
and frequency-domain resources within a single cell
• Multiple streams transmitted simultaneously.
Theoretical throughput gain proportional to number of
streams.
• 2x2 and 4x4 widely deployed for LTE
mMIMO: massive MIMO
• Extends the concept of MIMO to a larger
number of transmitters and receivers (+=16
antenna elements).
• For low band, achieves higher data rates.
• For high bands, allows higher transmission
distances.

18. 18 © Nokia 2019
Assumptions:
Impact of wider channels
Public
Doing the numbers
# Downlink layers: 16
64T64R at base station
Configuration Average Spectral
Efficiency (bps/Hz)
Downlink 2x2 MIMO 3.69
Downlink 4x4 MIMO 6.00
Example:
Frequency Range: 3.5GHz
Bandwidth: 100MHz
Average Sector
Throughput (2x2):
369Mbps
Average Sector
Throughput (4x4):
600Mbps
Peak DL
Throughput (2x2)
4875Mbps
Peak DL
Throughput (4x4)
9750Mbps

19. 19 © Nokia 2019
RAN functional splits
Public

20. 20 © Nokia 2019
High-level view of a mobile network
Public
Mobile Core
MME, S/PGW
GGSN, SGSN
Radio Access
Network (RAN)
Internet
BBURRH
“Traditional”
Mobile backhaul networkBBURRH
UEs
Base
Stations
Mobile
Core

21. 21 © Nokia 2019
Network migration to centralised RAN
Public
Distributed RAN (D-RAN)
Distributed base station
Antenna
Fiber
Backhaul
RRH
BBU
10s of meters
• RRHs near antenna
reducing loss/power
• IP/Eth backhaul
• Centralisation of BBU
• May involve BBU pooling
(coordinated RAN)
• Fronthaul
Centralised RAN (C-RAN)
Centralised base station
Antenna
Fiber
RRH
kilometers
Central
BBU
Fronthaul
Traditional RAN
Traditional base station
Antenna
Coax
Radio/
BBU
Backhaul
• Conventional Base Station
(including RF, digital,
Transmission, Batteries,
etc.)

22. 22 © Nokia 2019
4G-LTE/LTE-A Transport Network Architecture
Public
Distributed RAN
• Mobile backhaul (MBH) interconnects cell sites (RRH + BBU) and mobile core -
for control plane (CP) and user plane traffic (UP) traffic
• Inter-eNodeB protocols (i.e., X2) communicate through MBH.
• Latency between eNodeBs can vary, depending on MBH design
(i.e. hub&spoke vs. ring) – this may impact LTE-A capabilities such as Inter-Cell
Interference Control (ICIC), Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP), etc.
Mobile Core
MME, S/PGW
Distributed RAN
Internet
BBURRH
“Traditional”
Mobile backhaul network
BBURRH
Hub & spoke
Ring
RRH – Remote Radio Head
BBU – Baseband Unit
Centralized RAN
• BBUs belonging to same cluster are co-located (BBU hotel)
• This reduces the latency between BBUs, which enhances LTE-A
capabilities (eICIC, CoMP, etc.)
• BBU and RRH are connected via point-to-point fronthaul using
CPRI/OBSAI protocols over optical technology (CWDM, DWDM)
BBU hotel
RRH
RRH
Centralized RAN Mobile backhaul network
Mobile fronthaul

23. 23 © Nokia 2019
CPRI, OBSAI
Traditional fronthaul protocols
Public
CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface, most commonly used protocol for fronthaul today
OBSAI: Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
Inflexible networking; limited to availability of fiber
Low efficiency of transmission (high inefficiency)
High consumption of transport resources
(wavelengths, fiber, etc.)
Limited OAM and protection capabilities
Main features of CPRI Network transport shortcomings
L
L
L
L
Traditional CPRI = low efficiency, inflexibility and poor scalability
RRH BBU
CPRI
OBSAI
Mainly point-to-point
connection
High bandwidth
SDH-alike
transmission mode
Traffic independent,
antenna-dependent

24. 24 © Nokia 2019
Challenges of using today’s (*) fronthaul technology in 5G
Public
• CPRI is a bandwidth-hungry and highly
inefficient protocol
• New radio options (e.g., MIMO, spectrum
aggregation) impose high-gigabit speeds,
severely limiting fronthaul implementation
by fiber availability at cell sites
• For operators who are using third-party
transport this may severely limit the
capabilities in the radio layer in 5G
• Example: 64T64R MIMO with 100 MHz
requires 400 Gb/s for CPRI
(uncompressed)
Backhaul
5G radio
• Massive MIMO
• new RAT
• mmWAVE
IP speed: A few Gb/s
RU
Tens to hundred+
of Gb/s per RU
C-RANCell site4G
5G
IP speed: 150 Mb/s
CPRI fronthaul
explosion
CPRI interface
Backhaul
2.45 Gb/s per RRH
CPRI interface
RRH
2-antenna
20 MHz@700 MHz
to 3.8 GHz
Packet core
Packet core
5G core
EPC
DU
BBU
BBU pool
(*) CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface, most commonly used protocol for fronthaul today
OBSAI: Open Base Station Architecture Initiative

25. 25 © Nokia 2019
Network Architecture options for 5G RAN
RU – Radio Unit
BBU – Base Band Unit
CU – Centralized Unit
DU – Distributed Unit
RT fronthaul
(Ethernet, CPRI)
NRT fronthaul
(Ethernet)
RF
L1 L-PHY
5G Cloud D-RAN
Cloud-based NFV
L2 PDCP
L3 RRC
CU
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L1 H-PHY
nRT L2 + L3
5G D-RAN
L1 PHY
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L2 PDCP
L3 RRC
RF
BBU
RU RF
L1 L-PHY
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L1 H-PHY
Cloud-based NFV
L2 PDCP
L3 RRC
RF
L1 L-PHY
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L1 H-PHY
RF
L1 L-PHY
RF
L1 L-PHY
L2 RLC
L2 MAC
L1 H-PHY
RF
L1 L-PHY
CORE
5G Cloud C-RAN
@ Local
Hotel
DU
RT L1 + L2
DU
RT L1 + L2
RU
Packet-based fronthaul
Public

26. 26 © Nokia 2019
5G RAN Functional Splits
Emergence of Fronthaul and Midhaul
Data Centers / Peering
CPRI/OBSAI
Fronthaul
(FS-LL)
Midhaul (F1 interface)
(FS-HL)
Backhaul
IP Router
Metro Optical
POM
Ethernet/IP
Head-end
IP Router
Core
IP Router
Optical DWDM
Optical
C/DWDM 1
Mobile EDGE Cloud (CU)
Microwave Microwave
Remote Radio (RU)
Real Time Ethernet
Low Layer split
(e.g. eCPRI)
Baseband (DU)
In-band
mmWave
Low Latency
Ethernet/IP
BBU – Base Band Unit
RU – Radio Unit
CU – Centralized Unit
DU – Distributed Unit
How much to
dimension ?
How much to
dimension ?
How much to
dimension ?
Public

27. 27 © Nokia 2019
Low-layer split
The higher the split, the lower the requirement
CPRI/OBSAI
Fronthaul
(FS-LL)
Optical
C/DWDM
Remote Radio (RU)
Real Time Ethernet
Low Layer split
(e.g. eCPRI)
Baseband (DU)
Low Latency
Ethernet/IP
BBU – Base Band Unit
RU – Radio Unit
CU – Centralized Unit
DU – Distributed Unit
How much to
dimension ?
236 236
eCPRIThroughput(Gbps)
20
<10
User/
Down
User/
Up
Split IU
(Option 7-2)
User/
Up
Control/
Up
20
<10
Split IID
(Option 7-2)
User/
Down
Control/
Down
<4 <10
Split ID
(Option 7-3)
User/
Down
Control/
Down
1.5* <<1
Split D
(Option 6)
User/
Up
Control/
Up
3*
<<1
User/
Down
Control/
Down
Basic Assumptions:
100MHz
8x4 MIMO (w/ 2 streams per uplink
layer)
64 Antennas
TTI: 1ms
Modulation: 256QAM
*3Gbps downlink from MAC layer
*1.5Gbps uplink to MAC layer
Split E
(Option 8 - CPRI)
Public

28. 28 © Nokia 2019
5G Next Generation Core (NGC)
Public

29. 29 © Nokia 2019
Standalone (SA) & Non-standalone (NSA)
5G Deployment Options
NR (5G)
LTE/eLTE (4G)
Standalone (SA) Non-standalone (NSA)*
NR radio cells Directly used by 5G device for control
and user planes
Used as a secondary carrier, under the
control of LTE base station
Core choice 5G next-gen core (5GCN) which may
also anchor IRAT mobility with LTE
4G EPC or 5G next-gen core (5GCN)
Operator perspective Simple, high performance overlay Leverages existing 4G deployments
Network vendor perspective Independent RAN product Requires tight interworking with LTE
End user experience Peak bitrate set by NR
Dedicated Low Latency transport
Peak bitrate is sum of LTE and NR
Latency impacted if routed via LTE
NR NRLTE
Public

30. 30 © Nokia 2019
3GPP LTE and 5G: Coexistence and interworking scenarios
Public
Option 3: NSA LTE+NR under EPC
Option 1: SA LTE under EPC
Option 4: NSA NR+LTE under 5GC
Option 2: SA NR under 5GC Option 5: SA LTE under 5GC
Option 7: NSA LTE+NR under 5GC
SA: StandAlone NSA: Non StandAlone
EPC
LTE NR
5GC
eLTE
5GC
NR
EPC
LTE eLTENR
5GC
eLTE
5GC
NR

31. 31 © Nokia 2019
Evolution of 3GPP standards 1998-2018
Mobile packet-switched core networking
Public
GERAN
UTRAN
3GPP Rel. 98 - Rel. 7 PS
Domain (1998 – 2007)
PDN
GGSNMS
RNC
NodeB
PDNE-UTRAN
MME
SAE-GW
UE eNodeB
3GPP Rel. 8 – Rel. 13 Evolved Packet Core
(EPC : 2008 - 2016)
S11 : GTPv2-C
S11-U : GTPv1-U
PDN
(R)AN
AMF
UPF
UE
NR
gNodeB
3GPP Rel. 15 5G Core
(5GC : 2018 - …)
N4
eLTE
eNodeB
SMF
Non
3GPP
Interworking
BTS
BSC
PDNE-UTRAN
MME
S-PGW/
TDF-U
UE eNodeB
CUPS: Control-User Plane Separation in Rel. 14
Sx
S/PGW/
TDF-C
SGSN

32. 32 © Nokia 2019
Central DCRegional DCEdge Cloud
User Plane Functions
5G system architecture evolution
Cloud Native with Control and User Plane Separation
gNB
gNB - DU HL fronthaul
High latency
UPF
eMBB, IoTuRLLC
UPF
Low latency
Control Plane Functions
AMF IMS
UDM NEF NRF
PCFSDL
SMF
eMBBHybrid
Access
UPF UPF
Compute and caching
MEC CDN XYZ
Backhaul
Public

33. 33 © Nokia 2019
Serving Diverse Use Cases Requirement at Edge, Regional, and Centralized DC
Distributed User Plane Function (UPF) & Multi-access Edge Compute (MEC)
Public
gNB
CU
UPF
MEC
app
e.g.
CDN
gNB RU-
DU
AMF
UDM
SMF
NEF
SDL PCF
UPF
NRF
IMS
AMF
UDM
SMF
NEF
SDL PCF
UPF
NRF
IMS
UPF
MEC
app
e.g.
V2X
gNB
Edge Cloud
Site
Core Site B
Core Site A
Cell Site
1msec < E2E RTT < 10msec
High latency Anyhaul
E2E RTT < 1msec
Internet
IP Backbone
Mobile
Anyhaul

34. 34 © Nokia 2019
Content distribution
Public

35. © 2018 Nokia35 Public
Distributed traffic injection
UPF/AMF
/SMF
Edge
router
Aggregation
router
Access
router
Core
router
InternetMacro
cells
UPF
eMBB
cache
UPF
URLLC
service
IoT
service
eMBB
service
Traffic no longer needs to be carried all the way
to the core and is increasingly terminated closer
to users.
10% of
traffic
terminated
50% of
traffic
terminated
Remaining
40% of
traffic
5% of
traffic
terminated
20% of
traffic
terminated
Remaining
75% of
traffic
10% of
traffic
terminated
30% of
traffic
terminated
Remaining
60% of
traffic

36. © 2018 Nokia36
Dimensioning 5G networks:
methodology
Public

37. 37 © Nokia 2019
NGMN Dimensioning Guideline
Public
Dimensioning Principles
Source: “Guidelines for LTE Backhaul Traffic Estimation” by NGMN Alliance
(https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NGMN_Whitepaper_Guideline_for_LTE_Backhaul_Traffic_Estimation.pdf)

38. 38 © Nokia 2019
• Provisioning for a single cell:
• should be based on the quiet time peak rate of that cell.
• But, when provisioning for a multi-sector base station, it is unlikely that the quiet time peaks will
co-incide. The busy time mean, however, will occur in all cells simultaneously
• Calculations are based on Peak and Busy Hour Mean values that are dependent on the
type and amount of spectrum available.
• There are no absolute rules but heuristic rules can be selected and applied (depending
on how peak and mean have been defined). Based on NGMN Alliance guidelines:
Public
NGMN Dimensioning Guideline
How do we then dimension ?
Lower Bound for N cells = Max (Peak, N x Busy Hour Mean)
Source: “Guidelines for LTE Backhaul Traffic Estimation” by NGMN Alliance
(https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NGMN_Whitepaper_Guideline_for_LTE_Backhaul_Traffic_Estimation.pdf)

39. 39 © Nokia 2019
NGMN Dimensioning Guidelines
Public
Dimensioning per (Radio) Access Site
Technology Remark DL CellPeakRate DL
CellThptLoaded*
BH
DL
CellAvgRate**
BH
DL CellAvgRate
BH + Transport
OH***
DL TriCell
AvgRate BH +
Transport OH***
GSM EGPRS (MCS-9) 1894 kbps 1894 kbps 974 kbps 1315 kbps 3945 kbps
WCDMA 5 codes/cell 3.36 Mbps - - - -
15 codes/cell 13.44 Mbps - - - -
64 QAM (Rel. 7) 20.73 Mbps 6.25 Mbps 3.125 Mbps 5.13 Mbps 15.39 Mbps
MIMO (Rel. 7) 26.88 Mbps - - - -
DC+64QAM (Rel. 8) 41.61 Mbps 15 Mbps 7.5 Mbps 8.55 Mbps 25.65 Mbps
DC+64QAM+MIMO 84 Mbps 16.8 Mbps 8.4 Mbps 9.58 Mbps 28.73 Mbps
LTE 20 MHz 150 Mbps 35 Mbps 17.5 Mbps 21.35 Mbps 64.05 Mbps
15 MHz 113 Mbps 26 Mbps 13 Mbps 15.86 Mbps 47.58 Mbps
10 MHz 75 Mbps 18 Mbps 9 Mbps 10.98 Mbps 32.94 Mbps
5MHz 38 Mbps 9 Mbps 4.5 Mbps 5.49 Mbps 16.47 Mbps
3 MHz 23 Mbps 5 Mbps 2.5 Mbps 3.05 Mbps 9.15 Mbps
Notes:
* CellThroughputLoaded represents peak throughput during busy hour. The value uses average spectral efficiency (dependent on the make).
** CellAvgRate represents average throughput during busy hour. The value uses 0.5 of the CellThroughputLoaded value.
*** Transport protocol overhead on the user plane tunnels contributes to the overall dimensioning

40. 40 © Nokia 2019
Dimensioning example
Public

41. 41 © Nokia 2019
Dimensioning example
Public
Network topology
POC1
National Core
Core1
Core2
Core3
Core4
Agg1
Agg2
CSR
PreAgg1
CoreAggregationPre-AggAccess
CSR
CSR
PreAgg2
CSR
• 4 CSRs per CSR ring
• 8 CSR rings per PreAgg
pair
• 4 PreAgg
pairs per
Agg pair
• 4 Agg pairs
per Core
pair
• 1 Core pair
per city
Consider one city:
• 2 Core routers
• 8 Agg routers
• 32 PreAgg routers
• 512 CSRs

42. 42 © Nokia 2019
Access Rings
Dimensioning inputs
7250 IXR-e
CSR
CSR
CSR
CSR
PreAgg1
PreAgg2
4 CSRs in a single
access ring
BWCSR
BWCSR-RING
Provisioned capacity for CSR ring
(BWCSR-RING). Depends on size of
ring (number of CSRs being
aggregated), assuming all CSRs
have a uniform configuration
Provisioned
capacity for CSR
uplink (BWCSR).
Based on NGMN
guidelines
Public
Spectrum Holdings:
3G (64QAM Rel7)
LTE: 2.1GHz (40MHz)
5G: 3.5GHz (100MHz) 64T64R
All sites tri-sectored
Configuration Average Spectral
Efficiency (bps/Hz)
4G Downlink 2x2 MIMO 1.85
4G Downlink 4x4 MIMO 3.00
5G Downlink 2x2 MIMO 3.69
5G Downlink 4x4 MIMO 6.00
Radio Type Peak Throughput
(Mbps)
Average Throughput
(Mbps)
3G 21 5
4G Downlink 4x4 MIMO,
256QAM
780 120
5G Downlink 4x4 MIMO 9750 600

43. 43 © Nokia 2019
Access Rings
CSR Uplink Capacity
BWCSR = max(PeakTPUT3G-MACRO, PeakTPUT4G-MACRO, PeakTPUT5G-MACRO, NSectors * ! (AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO , AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO ,
AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO))
where:
PeakTPUT3G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 3G traffic (somewhat academic; only relevant for 3G-only sites)
PeakTPUT4G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 4G traffic (only relevant for 3G/4G-only sites)
PeakTPUT5G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 5G traffic
AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO = Average sector throughput per 3G cell
AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 4G cell
AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 5G cell
NSectors = Number of sectors per site
Assumption: all 3G/4G/5G macro site
deployments are tri-sectored
Public
7250 IXR-e CSR
CSR
CSR
CSR
PreAgg1
PreAgg2
BWCSR
BWCSR = max(21,780, 9750, 3 * ! (5, 120 , 600))
= 9,750 Mbps (9.75 Gbps)

44. 44 © Nokia 2019
Access Rings
Access Ring Capacity
BWCSR-RING = max(PeakTPUT3G-MACRO, PeakTPUT4G-MACRO, PeakTPUT5G-MACRO, NCSR * NSectors * ! (AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO ,
AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO , AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO))
where:
PeakTPUT3G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 3G traffic (somewhat academic; only relevant for 3G-only sites)
PeakTPUT4G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 4G traffic (only relevant for 3G/4G-only sites)
PeakTPUT5G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 5G traffic
AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO = Average sector throughput per 3G cell
AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 4G cell
AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 5G cell
NSectors = Number of sectors per site
NCSR = number of CSRs in the ring
Assumption: all 3G/4G/5G macro site
deployments are tri-sectored
Public
CSR
CSR
CSR
CSR
PreAgg1
PreAgg2
BWCSR-RING
10GE
BWCSR-RING = max(21,780, 9750, 4 * 3 * ! (5, 120 , 600))
= 9,750 Mbps (9.75 Gbps) => minimum of 2 x 10GE ports (ring)
BWCSR-RING-AVG = 4 * 3 * ! (5, 120 , 600) = 8,700 Mbps (8.7Gbps)

45. 45 © Nokia 2019
Dimensioning example
Public
Pre-Aggregation tier
CSR
PreAgg1
Pre-AggAccess
CSR
CSR
PreAgg2
CSR
• 4 CSRs per CSR ring
• 8 CSR rings per PreAgg pair
CSR
CSR
CSR
CSR
. . .
...CSR Ring 1CSR Ring 8 . . .
8 x 10GE
Total traffic carried by Pre-Agg pair is:
8.7 Gbps/ring * 8 rings ~ 70Gbps
=> minimum of 2 x 100GE ports (ring)
8 x 10GE

46. 46 © Nokia 2019
Dimensioning example
Public
Aggregation tier
PreAgg
Pre-Aggregation
PreAgg
• 4 PreAgg pairs per
Agg pair
. . .
Agg1
Agg2
Aggregation
PreAgg
Ring 1
PreAgg
PreAgg 4 x 100GE
4 x 100GE
Total traffic carried by Aggregation pair is:
70 Gbps/ring * 4 rings ~ 280Gbps
=> minimum of 2 x 400GE ports (ring)
PreAgg
Ring 4

47. 47 © Nokia 2019
Dimensioning example
Public
Core
Agg
Agg
Aggregation POC1Core
4 x 400GE
4 x 400GE
• 4 Agg pairs per Core
pair
Agg
Agg
. . . Agg
Ring 1
Agg
Ring 4
Total traffic carried by Core pair is:
280 Gbps/ring * 4 rings ~ 1,120Gbps (1.12Tbps)

48. 48 © Nokia 2019
Dimensioning example
Public
Putting it all together
POC1
National Core
Core1
Core2
Core3
Core4
Agg1
Agg2
CSR
PreAgg1
CoreAggregationPre-AggAccess
CSR
CSR
PreAgg2
CSR
• 4 CSRs per CSR ring
• 8 CSR rings per PreAgg
pair
• 4 PreAgg
pairs per
Agg pair
• 4 Agg pairs
per Core
pair
• 1 Core pair
per city
10GE
8 x 10GE
8 x 10GE
10GE
4 x
100GE
4 x
100GE
4 x
400GE
4 x
400GE

49. 49 © Nokia 2019
• This is just an example of a small network…
• In reality:
- There may be a mix of different functional splits involving fronthaul and midhaul
- Available 5G spectrum may be a lot higher necessitating 25GE/100GE access rings
- Number of CSRs in a ring could be higher necessitating 25GE/100GE access rings
- Access topology could be hub-and-spoke instead of being linear
- There may be a dense layer of small cells for capacity
- Distributed UPF will result in a proportional decrease in traffic towards the core
- Maximum fill ratios for each link will be applied; in this example, we assume the full capacity is
available to be used.
Public
Dimensioning example
Summary