Slides for class covering material from chapter 2 of The Living World, 7th edition.

1. Chemistry

2. Chapter 2

3. Chapter 3

4. “The beauty of a living thing
is not the atoms that go into it
but the way those atoms
are put together...”
Cosmos:
A Personal
Voyage

7. The Huber
Experiments,
volume 1
http://youtu.be/
xf5QQ3UADRQ

8. Atoms

9. The smallest constituent
of matter that has
chemical properties.

10. Cosmos
PBS, 1980

12. Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

14. Isotopes

16. Isotopes of an element have the same
chemical properties but different nuclear
properties.

17. The neutron number has drastic effects
on nuclear properties, but its effect on
chemical properties is negligible in
most elements, and still quite small in the case
of the very lightest elements, where it does matter
slightly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Isotopes

19. Uranium-235
Uranium-238

21. Electrons are
arranged into shells.

34. Electrons in the
outermost shell determine
the chemical properties of
the atom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Electron_shell

35. Figure 2-7 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

36. Ions

38. Chemical Substances

39. “...a form of matter that has constant
chemical composition and characteristic
properties.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Chemical_substance

40. Chemical
Bonds

41. Outer-Shell Electrons

43. The Octet Rule

44. Na?Cl?
H?O?
K?O? Mg?Cl?
Mg?Br?
C?O?
C?S? Ca?
Cl?

48. Covalent bond
–
H
–
H H2, hydrogen gas
Shared electrons

50. H2O, water

51. NaCl
H2O
K2O MgCl2
MgBr2
CO2 / CO
CS2
CaCl2

52. Ionic
Bonds

53. “...formed through an
electrostatic interaction between
two oppositely charged ions.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Ionic_bond

55. http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Potassium_oxide

56. Covalent
Bonds

57. a pair of shared electrons

59. Molecules

60. Groups of atoms
held together
by covalent bonds.

61. Covalent bond
–
H H H H
–
Hydrogen gas (H2)
Shared electrons
Single
H covalent
bond
H – –
–
–
– –
H C H H C H
– –
–
– –
H
H
Methane gas (CH4) Double
covalent
bond
– –
– –
– –
–
–
O O O – O
–
– – 61
Oxygen gas (O2) –
– –
–

62. Polar Covalent Bonds

64. Intermolecular Forces

65. van der Waals forces

69. Hydrogen Bonds

72. A hydrogen bond is the attractive
interaction of a hydrogen atom with an
electronegative atom, such as nitrogen,
oxygen or fluorine, that comes from
another molecule or chemical group.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Hydrogen_bond

75. Properties of Water

81. Hydrophilic
Substances

82. ethanol

83. Cohesion

85. Adhesion

86. Hydrophobic
Substances

89. Life
BBC, 2009

90. Boiling Point

91. Single
H covalent
bond
– – O
–
–
– –
H C H
– –
– H H
– –
H
Single
covalent
bonds

92. Acids and Bases

93. H2O OH- + H+
Water Hydroxide Hydrogen Ion

94. pH

95. pH = -log [H+]

96. Pure Water
[H+] = 0.0000001 M
= 10 -7 M
pH = 7

97. M = moles / liter
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023
atoms or molecules

98. Black Coffee
[H+] = 0.00001 M
= 10 -5 M
pH = 5

99. Pure Water
pH = 7
Black Coffee
pH = 5

100. Pure Water
[H+] = 0.0000001 M
= 10 -7 M
pH = 7
Black Coffee
[H+] = 0.00001 M
= 10 -5 M
pH = 5

102. Acids

103. “Any substance that
dissociates in water
to increase
the concentration of H+...”

104. Do acids raise or lower
the pH value of a solution?

105. Aqueous Acids
and
Acidic Solutions

106. pH < 7

107. Bases

108. “A substance that
combines with H+
when dissolved in water...”

109. Do bases raise or lower
the pH value of a solution?

110. Aqueous Bases
and
Basic Solutions

111. pH > 7

113. Buffers

114. a substance that
takes up or releases H+ into
solution as the
[H+] of the solution changes

117. Homeostasis