Invited Talk, International Workshop on Ontology Matching collocated with the 5th International Semantic Web Conference ISWC-2006, November 5, 2006, Athens GA

1. {Ontology: Resource} x {Matching : Mapping} x {Schema : Instance} :: Components of the same challenge? Invited Talk, International Workshop on Ontology Matching collocated with the 5th International Semantic Web Conference ISWC-2006 , November 5, 2006, Athens GA Professor Amit Sheth Special Thanks: Meena Nagarajan Acknowledgment: SemDis project, funded by NSF

2. Information System needs and Ontology Matching goals SemDis, ISIS Semantic Web, some DL-II projects, Semagix SCORE, Applied Semantics VideoAnywhere InfoQuilt OBSERVER Generation III (information brokering) 1997... Semantics (Ontology, Context, Relationships, KB) InfoSleuth, KMed, DL-I projects Infoscopes, HERMES, SIMS, Garlic,TSIMMIS,Harvest, RUFUS,... Generation II (mediators) 1990s VisualHarness InfoHarness Metadata (Domain model) Mermaid DDTS Multibase, MRDSM, ADDS, IISS, Omnibase, ... Generation I (federated DB/ multidatabases) 1980s Data (Schema, “semantic data modeling)

5. Need for querying across multiple ontologies OBSERVER Circa 1994, 1996-2002 IRM Interontologies Relationships ... Repositories Mappings/ Ontology Server Query Processor ... Repositories Mappings/ Ontology Server Query Processor ... ... Mappings/ Ontology Server Query Processor User Query Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies

11. A step back DB vs. Ontology - Fundamental differences

14. Modeling Database vs. Ontology schemas - Fundamental differences Emphasis while modeling is on the semantics of the domain – emphasis on relationships, also facts/knowledge/ground truth Emphasis while modeling is on structure of the tables Structure vs. Semantics Intended to model a domain Intended to model data being used by one or more applications Modeling perspective Ontology schemas Database schemas Axis of comparison

15. Choice of modeling affects the possible space of heterogeneities and therefore the process of matching. In both cases however, the schema is only an abstraction of the real world; the real power/semantics lies at the instance level. Symbolizes agreement of the modeling of a domain possibly used by applications in varying contexts. Limited to a syntactic agreement between applications using the data Agreement More expressive modeling paradigm Limited expressivity in capturing instance level metadata due to static schemas Instance metadata modeling / expressiveness Modeling of a domain irrespective of applications Well defined by applications using the data Context of modeling

19. Schema Integration – DB vs. Ontology Have we advanced the state of art ?

25. (Complex) named relationships and Ontology Matching

26. (Complex) named relationships - example AFFECTS VOLCANO LOCATION ASH RAIN PYROCLASTIC FLOW ENVIRON. LOCATION PEOPLE WEATHER PLANT BUILDING DESTROYS COOLS TEMP DESTROYS KILLS

28. Knowledge discovery and validation PubMed etc. Rele-vant docs Query and update DBs Prediction of - Pathways - Symptoms of Diseases - Other complex relationship

29. A Vision for Ontology Matching : Discovering simple to complex matches – from schema, instances and corpus SIMPLE TO COMPLEX MATCHES Possible identifiable matches: equivalence / inclusion / overlap / disjointness Possible to identify more complex relationships from the corpus. Ontologies Heterogeneous data Today , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) is announcing that it has asked Pfizer , Inc . to voluntarily withdraw Bextra from the market . Pfizer has agreed to suspend sales and marketing of Bextra in the , pending further discussions with the agency . Semantic metadata

30. Corpus based schema matching

31. The Intuition 9284 documents 4733 documents Disease or Syndrome Biologically active substance causes affects causes complicates Fish Oils Raynaud’s Disease ??????? instance_of instance_of 5 documents UMLS MeSH PubMed Lipid affects

32. The Method – Identify entities and Relationships in Parse Tree Modifiers Modified entities Composite Entities

36. Corpus based Hypothesis validation PubMed Does magnesium alleviate effects of migraine in patients? One possible hypothesized connection between magnesium and migraine…. isa Magnesium Migraine Stress Calcium Channel Blockers Patient affectedBy inhibit Complex Query Supporting Document sets retrieved

38. The take home message