4. Table of content
What is research?
Meaning of research
Research methodology
Objectives of research
Types of research
Types of research by purposes
Types of research by method
Quantitative research
Types of quantitative research
Qualitative research
Types of qualitative research
5. What is research ?
RESEARCH = RE+ SEARCH
“RE”= MEANS AGAIN AND AGAIN
“SEARCH”=MEANS TO FIND OUT SOMETHNG
It include collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
The systematic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of theory
is also research.
6. Meaning of research
Research can also be defines as:
Search for knowledge
Systematic and scientific search for getting relevant
answer on any taken up specific topic
Scientific enquiry into a subject
It is a voyage of discovery; a journey, an experience , a
method critical thinking , a careful critical enquiry in
seeking facts of principles
Collect the facts and data in systematic way.
Generate new knowledge and validate existing knowledge
7. Research methodology
Research methodology is way to do systematically solve the
problem. In it we study the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem
logically.
When we talk about research methodology, we not only talk
about methods but also consider the logic behind the method
we use in the context of our research study and explain why
we are using this particular method, or we are not use other
methods or techniques so that research results are capable of
being evaluated either by the researcher or others.
9. Objectives of research
Defining and redefining the problems
Formulate the hypothesis or suggested solutions
Collecting, organizing and evaluating data
Making deduction and reading conclusions
Find out the truth which is hidden, and which has not been discovered yet.
Carefully testing the hypothesis, the conclusion to determine whether they
fit in formulating hypothesis.
10. Types of research
Research can be classified into two aspects:
Research by purpose
Research by methods
13. Quantitative research
“Quantitative research is explaining phenomena by collecting
numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based
methods (particular in statistic)”
Aliaga and Gunderson (2000)
Quantitative research emphasizes objective measurements and the
statistical , mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected
through polls, questionnaires, and surveys , or by manipulating pre-
existing statistical data using computational techniques.
Quantitative method focuses on gathering numerical data and
generalizing it across group of people or to explain the phenomenon.
Involves the questions like when, where, how much, how many and
so on….
14. Types of quantitative research
There are four main types of quantitative research:
Descriptive/Survey research
Correlational research
Causal comparative research/ Quasi research
Experimental research
15. Descriptive research
This type of research describe what exists and may help to uncover new
facts and meaning. The purpose of this research is to observe, describe,
document aspects of situation as it naturally occurs.
This research has no control over variables only must report what is
happening or what has happened.
For descriptive researchers use frequencies, averages and other
statistical calculation.
This method include collection of data that will provide an account or
description of individuals, groups or situations. Instruments we use to
obtain data in descriptive method include questionnaire, interviews and
observation.
For example:
finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a
town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that
disease, thus people will live a healthy life.
16. Correlational research
Quantitative correlational research aims to systematically investigate and
explain the nature of relationship between variables in the real world. often
the quantifiable data ( data that we can count )from descriptive studies are
frequently analyzed in this way.
Correlational research studies go beyond simply describing what exist and are
concerned with systematically investigation relationships between two or
more variable of interest.(Porter and Carter 2000)
Determine relationship between two or more variable without necessary cause
and effect.
For example:
to test hypothesis “listening to music lowers blood pressure levels” there
are 2 ways of conducting research
Experimental = make group sample and listen them the music
Survey= ask the question from them
17. Casual comparative research/quasi experimental
research
Quasi experimental research attempts to established cause effect relationship
among the variable This type of designs are very similar to true experiments,but
with some key differences.
An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimental ,
and effects of independent variable on the dependent variable are measured.
It is not same as true experimental research because quasi experimental research
studies lack one or both essential properties of randomization and a control group.
The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are
naturally formed or pre-existing group.
Major drawback with quasi experimental research is that compare to experimental
research, it has a weakness in that is not possible to deliver cause and effects
result.
Identify controlled group expose to the treatment variable are studied an compared
to groups who are not.
18. Experimental research
Experimental research is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the
purpose of predicting and controlling phenomenon and examining probability and
causality among selected variable.
Often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause
effect relationship among variables that make up a study.
The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but it is not always
the case; a laboratory settings has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any
study where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other
variables except one.
An independent variable manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent
variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatment rather than
identify in naturally occurring group.
19. Qualitative research
Qualitative research is the research dealing with phenomena that are
difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs,
meanings, attributes and symbols.
Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by
observing what people do and speak. Qualitative research refers to
the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors,
symbols and description of things.
Qualitative researcher aims to gather an in depth understanding of
human behaviors and the reason that govern such behavior. The
qualitative research investigates the when and how of decision
makings, not just what, where and when.
The natures of this research is exploratory and open-ended.
20. Types of qualitative research
There are three types of qualitative research that we studied:
Historical research
Ethnographic research
Case study
Phenomenology research
Grounded theory
Action research
21. Historical research
Historical research is the research involving analysis of events that
occurred in the remote or recent past.
Historical research can show pattern that occurred in the past and over
time which can help us to see where we came from and what kind of
solution, we have used in the past.
Understanding this can perspective on how we examine currents events
and educational practices.
• The steps involved in the conduct of historical research are
identification of research topic and formulation of research problem.
Data collection or literature review.
Evaluation of materials.
Data synthesis.
Report preparation.
22. Ethnographic research
Ethnography refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-
depth study of the member of the culture; it involve systematic
collection, description, and analysis of data for development of
theories of cultural behavior.
The study and systematic recording of human culture; also: a
descriptive work produced from such research.
Data collect through the field work, observation, interviews,
questionnaire, producing description.
Its studies people ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their
ethnic genesis, compositions, resettlement, social welfare
characteristics, as well as their mental and spiritual culture.
The purpose of the ethnographic research is to attempt to understand
what is happening naturally in setting and to interpret the data
gathered to see what implications could be formed from the data.
23. Case study
Case study involves an in-depth examination of a single person or single
individual or single institution / organization.
The goal of case study is to provide an accurate and complete description
of the case, the principal benefit of case-study is that it-can expand our
knowledge about the human behavior or attitude.
It is also useful when the case is too-complex and need special attention.
Case study often include in-depth interviews with participant, review of
his/her previous record, observation.
It provides an opportunity for the intensive analysis of many specific
details, which are often overlooked by other methods.
case study involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data
sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing an
event
24. Phenomenology research
When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon,
the properly named phenomenological study is an appropriate
qualitative method.
In a phenomenological study, you use a combination of
methods, such as conducting interviews, reading documents,
watching videos, or visiting places and events, to understand
the meaning participants place on whatever's being examined.
You rely on the participants' own perspectives to provide
insight into their motivations.
to describe experiences as people are lived e.g. examines
uniqueness of individual's lived situations
25. Grounded theory
A phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of an
activity or event.
A grounded theory looks to provide an explanation or theory behind
the events. You use primarily interviews and existing documents to
build a theory based on the data.
The purpose of grounded theory is theory development.
Grounded theory can help inform design decisions by better
understanding how a community of users currently use a product or
perform tasks.
Sample sizes are often also larger—between 20 to 60—with these
studies to better establish a theory.
26. Action research
Rapoport (1971) defines action research as “the purpose of an action research
is to talk about people’s practical problems in a situation that there is a specific
problem, and the purpose is to increase social knowledge through a cooperative
interaction with respect and mutual trust within a moral framework accepted
by both parties”.
Emphasizes an increase in scientific knowledge and practical solutions in the
real life. Although this is the purpose of all traditional researches, traditional
researches insist on a separation of action and research.
Concentrates on the values and standards common among the researcher and
client.
Presents a research approach which is stronger and traditional researches lack that.
Requires cooperation based on trust and respect between the researcher and client.
Is periodical and it emphasizes a gradual improvement.
