1. Crusades

2. • Crusades - derived from the French term:
“For taking up the cross”.
• Jerusalem – the city where death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ had taken place.
• Antioch – the First Christian city.
• The term "crusade" is also used to describe
religiously motivated campaigns conducted
between 1100 and 1600 in territories
outside the Levant usually against
Pagans,Muslims, Heretics, and peoples
under the ban of excommunication for a
mixture of religious, economic, and political
reasons.

3. First Crusade
• (1095-1099)
• Pope Urban II
- launched the crusades at the Council of
Clermont in 1095.
- Pope Urban II's speech ranks as one of the
most influential speeches ever made: it
launched the holy wars which occupied the
minds and forces of western Europe for two
hundred years.

4. The Council of Clermont

5. Route of the First Crusade

6. Effects of the First Crusade:
Crusader victory against the Saracens
• Byzantine Empire regained some of its
teritorries in the Anatolian region with the help
of the Crusaders.
• Creation of the four Crusader States:
- Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Principality of Antioch
- County of Edessa
- County of Tripoli
in the parts of Palestine and Syria (as well as
allies along the Crusaders' route, such as the
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia).

7. The Four Crusader States

8. Kingdom of Jerusalem
Flag Coat of Arms

9. Godfrey of Bouillon (1060 - 1100)
(Founder of Kingdom of Jerusalem)

10. King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (1058-1118)
(Second King of Jerusalem)

11. Principality of Antioch
Flag Coat of Arms

12. Bohemond I of Antioch (1058 – 1111)
(Founder & First Prince Of Principality of Antioch)

13. County of Edessa
Flag

14. Count Baldwin I
(Founder of the County of Edessa)

15. Count Baldwin II of Edessa (10??-1131)
(Second Count of Edessa)

16. County of Tripoli
Flag

17. Raymond IV of Toulouse (1042 – 1105)
(The Founder of County of Tripoli)

18. Western
Christian
Military
orders

19. Knights Hospitaller

20. Knights Hospitaller
• Founded:1023 (Jerusalem) -Hospital
1113 (Principality of Antioch) -Military Order
• Patron: St John the Baptist
• Nickname: Knights of Malta
• Founded by: Gerard Thom (1040 – 1120)

22. Knights Templar

23. Knights Templar
(Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of The
Temple of Solomon)
• Nickname: Order of the Temple
• Founded: 1119
• Patron: St. Bernard of Clairvaux
• Headquarters: Temple Mount , Jerusalem
• Founded by: Hugues de Payens (1070-1136)
• The Templars ‘ secret initiation ceremony
caused the people to mistrust so Pope
Clement V disbanded the order in 1312.

24. Hugues de Payens
(Founder of The Knights Templar)

25. St. Bernard of Clairvaux
( Patron of the Knights Templar)

26. Headquarters of the Templar
(Former Al-Aqsa Mosque then became the Temple of Solomon)

28. Teutonic Order

29. Teutonic Order
• Nickname: Teutonic Knights , German Order
• Patron: The Virgin Mary , St. Elizabeth of
Hungary , St. George
• Founded: 1190
• Founded by:Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim
(11??-1200)

31. Crusade of 1101
• Location of the Crusade: Anatolia
• It is also called the Crusade of the Faint-
Hearted due to the number of
participants who joined this crusade after
having turned back from the First
Crusade.

32. Map of the Crusades of 1101
(A map of western Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies)

33. • Norwegian Crusade 1107–1110
Norwegian Crusade
• King Sigurd I of Norway
- The First King to Join and fight a Crusade.
- Joined the King of Jerusalem to aid them in
the Siege of Sidon.
• Results of the Norwegian Crusade:
- Norwegian and Crusader Victory
- Creation of the Lordship of Sidon

34. Lordship of Sidon
• Coat of Arms Flag

35. Second Crusade
• The Second Crusade (1145–1149) was the
second major crusade launched from
Europe.
• The County of Edessa have fallen to the
hands of the Saracens.
• Second Crusade was announced by Pope
Eugene III
• The crusade that have been joined by many
European Kings.

36. Map of the Second Crusade
(The Fall of Edessa, seen right of the map ,was the primary cause of the
Second Crusade)

37. Results of the Second
Crusade:
• Decisive Saracen victory in Holy Land
• Decisive Crusader victories in Iberia and
the Baltic .
• Failure to recreate County of Edessa.
• Peace treaty between Byzantine Empire and
Seljuq Turks.
• Beginning of Crusader advances into Egypt.
• Collapse of Almoravids, and rise Almohads.

38. Third Crusade
• ( 1189 – 1192 )
• Also known as the King’s Crusade
• Saladin (Sala-al-din)
- Sultan of the Fatimid Eygpt
• King Richard I “The Lionheart”
- King of England
• King Philip II “Augustus”
- King of France
• Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa
- Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

39. Results of the Third Crusade:
• Treaty of Ramla
- Jerusalem remains under Muslim control.
- Italians consolidate control of Syrian ports.
- Muslims allow trade and unarmed
Christian pilgrimages into the Holy Land.

40. King Richard I “The Lionheart” of England

41. Philip II of France

42. Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa
( Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire)

43. Saladin ( Sala-al-din)
(Sultan of the Fatimid Eygypt)

44. Map of the Holy Land
(At outset of the Third Crusade)

45. Map of the Holy land
( After the Third Crusade )

46. Other Crusades:
Fourth Crusade(1202 – 1204)
• The Crusades was launch to attack
Constantinople in instead of Eygpt.
Results:
• Crusader Victory
• Creation of the Latin Empire around the
Byzantine Lands they conquered.

47. Latin Empire of Constantinople
( Empire of Romania)
1204 - 1261

48. Map of the Latin Empire

49. Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople
(Founder and First Emperor of the Latin Empire,
also the King of Jerusalem)

50. Fifth Crusade (1213-1221)
• An attempt to reconquer the Jerusalem and
the rest of the Holy Land.
• Also an attempt to conquer Eygpt.
• Pope Innocent III and his successor Pope
Honorius III organized crusading armies led
by the King Andrew II of Hungary and the
Duke Leopold VI of Austria, and a foray
against Jerusalem ultimately left the city in
Muslim hands.
Result of the Fifth Crusade:
• Decisive Egyptian victory
• Eight year peace treaty between Ayyubid
Empire and European kingdoms

51. Sixth Crusade
• The Sixth Crusade started in 1228 as an
attempt to regain Jerusalem. It began seven
years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade.
years.
• Led by Holy Roman Emperor :
- Frederick II
• Kingdom of Jerusalem was restored again
for 15 years.

52. Result of the Sixth Crusade
• Crusader Victory against the Saracens
• Jerusalem, Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa, and
Bethlehem relinquished to Crusaders.
(Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil)

53. Emperor Frederick II
(Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during the Sixth Crusade)

54. Seventh crusade
• The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by
Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254.
• Approximately 800,000 bezants were paid in
ransom for King Louis who, along with
thousands of his troops, was captured and
defeated by the Egyptian army led by the
Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah supported by the
Bahariyya Mamluks led by Faris ad-Din Aktai,
Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz , Aybak and
Qalawun
Results of the Seventh Crusade:
- Decisive Saracen Victory against Crusaders

55. Eighth Crusade
• The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched
by Louis IX, King of France, in 1270.
• Louis was disturbed by events in Syria,
where the Mamluk sultan Baibars had been
attacking the remnant of the Crusader
states.
Results of the Eighth Crusade:
• Treaty of Tunis
- Death of Louis IX.
- Opening of trade with Tunis.

56. Ninth Crusade
• 1271–1272.
• The last major crusade in the Holy land
• Led by Price Edward of England
Results of the Ninth Crusade:
- End of all Crusades in the Middle East
- Beginning of the End of the remaining
crusader states in the Holy Land.
- Mamluks/Eygptians took control of the
Holy Land.