7. NON – MEDICATED / FLAVORED SYRUPS
4. Raspberry Syrup – used to disguise salty
or sour taste of drugs
5. Syrup, NF or Syrup, USP - with 85% w/v
concentration
8. CLASSIFICATION of SYRUPS
II. NON - MEDICINAL CLASSIFICATION
A. SUGAR-BASED SYRUP
Contains Sucrose / Cane Sugar
Imparts a characteristic “body” to the
preparation
Glycogenetic
Sorbitol or Glycerin may be added to
prevent crystallization of sucrose
9. SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP)
A concentrated or nearly saturated aqueous
solution of sugar (85% w/v, 65% w/w)
Specific gravity = 1.313
Have low solvent capacity for water-soluble
drugs
10. SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP)
Self-preserving, however diluted
syrups are prone to microbial
contamination thus require additional
preservative (i.e. parabens)
Saturated solutions tend to undergo
crystallization (Syrup, USP – minimal
tendency to undergo crystallization)
11. B. NON SUGAR-BASED SYRUPS (NON
NUTRITIVE SYRUPS)
Formulated with;
1. artificial sweeteners
2. viscosity builders
Non glycogenetic
12. COMPONENTS OF SYRUPS
1. Sugars, or sugar substitutes
2. Antimicrobial preservatives
3. Flavorants
4. Colorants
5. Special solvents, stabilizers,
solubilizing agents and thickeners
13. METHODS OF PREPARATION of
SYRUPS
I. SOLUTION WITH THE AID OF HEAT
Excessive heating tends to cause
inversion / caramelization of sucrose
II. SOLUTION BY AGITATION WITHOUT THE AID
OF HEAT
III. ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A MEDICATED
LIQUID OR TO A FLAVORED LIQUID
Used in the preparation of Senna Syrup,
NF
14. METHODS OF PREPARING
SYRUPS
I. PERCOLATION
An extraction method utilizing a glass
percolator.
May be used to prepare;
Simple Syrup
Ipecac syrup
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
15. ELIXIRS
Are clear, sweetened,
hydroalcoholic solutions intended
for oral use, and are usually
flavored for palatability.
Its Alcohol Content may
vary from as low as 5% to
as high as 40%.
16. 2 TYPES OF ELIXIRS
1. HIGH ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR (HAE) –
75% to 78% alcohol
2. LOW ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR (LAE) –
8% to 10 % alcohol
NOTE: Elixirs containing at least 10% to 12%
alcohol are already “self-preserving”
17. COMPONENTS OF ELIXIR
FORMULATION
Alcohol and Water – primary
solvents
Glycerin and Propylene Glycol-adjuncts
(viscosity builders and stabilizers)
Sweeteners
Flavorants and Colorants
Medicinal substances
18. Advantages and Disadvantages
of Syrups as Dosage Form
Maintain both
water-soluble and
alcohol-soluble
components in
solution
Stable
Easy to prepare
(by simple
solution method)
Less effective in
masking the taste
of drugs because
elixirs are less
sweet and less
viscous
Not
recommended for
children due to
their alcohol
content
19. CLASSES OF ELIXIRS
I. NON-MEDICATED ELIXIRS
Employed as vehicles
Examples:
Aromatic Elixir, NF
Isoalcoholic Elixir
Compound Benzaldehyde Elixir
20. CLASSES OF ELIXIRS
II. MEDICATED ELIXIRS
Examples:
Diphenhydramine Elixir
Phenobarbital Elixir
Digoxin Elixir
22. STORAGE and PRESERVATION
of ELIXIRS
Stored in a tightly closed, light-resistant
containers
Protected from excessive heat (do not
store above 400C)
23. SPIRITS / ESSENCES
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic
solutions of volatile substances.
Usual alcohol content is 60%.
When mixed with water, the
volatile material separates and
forms a milky solution.
24. Uses of Spirits
A. MEDICINAL SPIRITS
AROMATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA
– reflex / respiratory stimulant ( by
inhalation)
B. FLAVORING SPIRITS
- Compound Orange Spirit
- Compound Cardamom Spirit
25. ROUTES of ADMINISTRATION
of SPIRITS
Taken orally
Brandy and Whisky
Mixed with a portion of water to reduce
pungency of the spirit
Applied externally
Used by inhalation
Aromatic spirit of ammonia
26. METHODS of PREPARATION
of SPIRITS
Distillation
Brandy (48 % – 54 % alcohol)
Distilled from red grapes
Whisky (47 % – 53% alcohol)
Distilled from hops, barley and other
grains
27. Solution with Maceration
– Peppermint Spirit (maceration of
peppermint leaves)
Solution by Chemical Reaction
– Ethyl Nitrite Spirit
Simple Solution
– Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
(Spirit of Sal Volatile)