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Intelligent Urban Transport Management
System
Assignment 3
Name Muhammad bin Ramlan
Matrix No. P57600
Subject KA 6423
Session 2012/2013
Lecturer Prof Ir Dr Riza Atiq O.K. Rahmat

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Question
A city administrator wants to install a smart surveillance system at several strategic
locations to upgrade its CCTV camera system. You are given a task to prepare a
proposal on evaluation of available smart camera systems on the market against
upgrading existing surveillance camera system. Please explain how the upgrading
can be done and give one example on how to carry out the traffic counting,
determination of vehicle speed, classification of vehicles and incident detection. Use
sketches to enhance your explanation.

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Answer
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF SMART SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Intelligent visual surveillance systems deal with the real-time monitoring of persistent
and transient objects within a specific environment. The primary aims of these
systems are to provide an automatic interpretation of scenes and to understand and
predict the actions and interactions of the observed objects based on the information
acquired by sensors. Smart Cameras are becoming more popular in Intelligent
Surveillance Systems area. Smart cameras are cameras that can perform tasks far
beyond simply taking photos and recording videos. Thanks to the purposely built-in
intelligent image processing and pattern recognition algorithms, smart cameras can
detect motion, measure objects, read vehicle number plates, and even recognize
human behaviours.
The important differences between a smart camera and “normal” cameras, such as
consumer digital cameras and camcorders, lie in two aspects. The first is in camera
system architecture. A smart camera usually has a special image processing unit
containing one or more high performance microprocessors to run intelligent ASIP
algorithms, in which the primary objective is not to improve images quality but to
extract information and knowledge from images. The image processing hardware in
normal cameras is usually simpler and less powerful with the main aim being to
achieve good visual image quality. The other main difference is in the primary
camera output. A smart camera outputs either the features extracted from the
captured images or a high-level description of the scene, which is fed into an
automated control system, while for normal cameras the primary output is the
processed version of the captured images for human consumption. For this reason,
normal video cameras have large output bandwidth requirements (in direct
proportion to the resolution of the image sensor used), while smart camera can have
very low data bandwidth requirements at the output (it can be just one bit in the
simplest case, with ‘1’ meaning ‘there is motion’ and ‘0’ meaning ‘there is no motion’,
for example). These differences are illustrated in figure 1.

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Differences between a normal camera (a) and a smart camera (b).

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2.0 EVALUATING EXISTING SMART CAMERA SYSTEM
CAMERA DESCRIPTION BENEFIT APPLICATION
AGD Systems - AGD offers a comprehensive New technology Vehicle detector
Traffic range of detection products Field proven Junction control
Information and covering a wide range of accuracy and Traffic data
Measurement applications in traffic and reliability control
Equipment pedestrian control. The Cost-effective Traveler
product range is targeted at solution information
reducing the costs of Flexible design system
providing efficient inputs to meets a variety of Journey time
traffic control and detection and (travel time)
management systems. The surveillance Remote video
latest advances in radar application surveillance
technology offer real time Superior to other system
information on vehicle count detection system
and speed, occupancy and
queues.
AGD also manufacture the
most extensive range of
nearside signals for Puffin,
Toucan and Pegasus
crossing strategies. A
dedicated product selector is
available on our website.
Please use the link below to
access this.

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Traficon Traficon detectors provide Automatically traffic data
standard traffic data (volume, generated alarms acquisition
speed, etc) which can be warn the operators automatic
used for statistical purposes. as soon as an incident
incident takes place detection
Automatic Incident
and a maximum of intersection
Detection
information is given: vehicle presence
Fast detection of stopped
type detection
vehicles or wrong-way drivers
severity ramp metering
speeds up intervention and
location travel time
thus saves lives.
relevant traffic calculation
data dynamic speed
Flow Monitoring
Combination of data indication
Congestion within and
and images queue tail
through the large
facilitates monitoring
metropolitan areas continues
verification of congestion
to increase and limit mobility.
alarms. monitoring
Accurately monitoring the
Cost effectiveness tunnel access
average flow speed helps to
Technical efficiency control
distinguish different levels of
and reliability ventilation
service (e.g. fluid, dense,
control
congested, queue). Other
rerouting
applications are queue
VMS-control
monitoring during road-works
dynamic queue
and calculating travel time
indication during
based on flow information
road works
from the VIP detectors.
dynamic lane
opening or
closing

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3.0 PROPOSED SURVEILLANCE CAMERA SYSTEM
Based on the evaluating the benefit and the function, we are proposed AGD
Systems - Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment
The advantages of AGD Systems as non-intrusive detection technology are well
known. AGD has invested in developing this economic approach for ITS-based
solutions. The real-time information available from the radar includes:
Speed
Direction
Occupancy
Flow
Queues
Headway
This information can be routed through the network to the UTMC control center.
Detection information from the network is now presented compliant with the UTMC
standards.Deployment of these detection systems is enhanced by a choice of
interface media, making wireless solutions a cost-effective choice. The AGD Janus
family offers a host of connectivity and data storage options in a single compact
housing. Link a Janus outstation to a roadside detector to add considerable
functionality to your ITS-based system and benefit more from the existing
infrastructure

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AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of
applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at
reducing the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management
systems. The latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on
vehicle count and speed, occupancy and queues.
AGD also manufacture the most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin,
Toucan and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available
on our website. Please use the link below to access this.
Pedestrian Detection
The AGD range of pedestrian detection products features CW Doppler radars for the
detection of moving pedestrians and cyclists on crossings. AGD utilize Enhanced
Digital Vision technology for the detection of moving or stationary pedestrians and
cyclists while waiting to cross is also available.
These are used in conjunction with the extensive range of AGD nearside signals for
Puffin and Toucan crossing strategies, which can be seen on the product selector on
our website.
Digital Vision Pedestrian Detectors
The AGD640 is the latest digital vision detector for detecting waiting pedestrians or
cyclists waiting to cross a carriageway. The dual optical system of this detector is
designed to view a detection zone adjacent to the pole to which it is mounted.
The AGD640 uses both ambient light and its own infra-red illumination system to
perform a twenty-four hour detection function in conditions ranging from bright
sunlight to urban night-time.

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In enhanced mode the zone size is 3m x 2m with a high level of shadow rejection.
Pedestrians that are waiting to cross in the designated zone will generate a detect
state.
The integrated vision sensors and processing utilize the AGD Livewire based
platform to adapt the detector’s performance for a given installation. AGD Livewire
provides the facility to adjust the zone size, presence and hold time. The AGD640 is
supplied fully Bluetooth and serial cable livewire enabled offering the added benefits
of detector parameter adjustment and maintenance from the safety of ground level.
Vehicle Detection
AGD’s ranges of vehicle detection products feature CW Doppler radars, advanced
digital radars and digital vision technology for the detection of moving and stationary
vehicles. These are offered with rugged housings, making them suitable for roadside
environments and for fixing to existing street furniture.
The vehicle detection products featured on the AGD website can be used stand-
alone or as part of a detection system. They provide relay outputs to local controllers
or other key traffic data via RS422 interfaces. Enhanced features provide cost-
effective and reliable detection information for intelligent traffic management.
Radar Detection And Monitoring Of Vehicles For Traffic Applications
AGD offers a series of CW Doppler radar detectors designed for the detection and
monitoring of vehicles at signaled junctions, pedestrian crossing installations and
other applications, where the detection of moving vehicles is required in a long zone
extending from the detector. Ease of installation, deployment with existing street
furniture, and the advantages of non-intrusive detection make these detectors a cost-
effective solution in urban environments.

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4.0 SEVERAL INFORMATION ON THE APPLICATION OF SMART CAMERA IN
THE CURRENT MARKET
Traffic Counting
The vehicle counting procedure by time-spatial image includes image preprocessing,
detection, image morphological operation, vehicle detection and counting, error
correction etc.
(a) Time-spatial image. (b) Image after edge detection.
(c) Image after morphological close operation and hole-filling.
(d) Image after moment computing.

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Flow Chart Vehicle Counting Method
Determination of Vehicle Speed
Following is a brief description of the three main types of speed detection device that
can be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK -
laser detection radar detection and GPS (which stands for Global Positioning
Satellite). Speed camera detection devices can use one or any combination of these
technologies.
Dopplar Radar: The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The
frequency changes that occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will
indicate its presence, and how fast the said vehicle is moving.
Laser: Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the
measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.

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GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System): GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites
orbiting the earth which continuously transmit precise microwave signals. A GPS
Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate its location.
So how do the Detection Devices work against this technology?
In the case of laser and radar technology, there are two major ways in which they
allow a speeding motorist to remain undetected, and therefore escape prosecution:
Jamming Signals: There are devices on the market known as ‘jammers’, which
scramble the signals sent to the speed cameras so that the camera cannot process
or ‘read’ the information.
Passive Detectors: These simply warn the motorist when they are in the vicinity of a
speed camera or detection device and alert the driver to their presence.
GPS systems rely on an up to date database of all camera positions and will warn
the driver when a camera or detection device is nearby. This is also available on
many Satellite Navigation systems via a subscription service which is updated
regularly with new camera positions.
Gatso Meter Speed Cameras
Gatso speed cameras use radar technology and as they can be used as fixed speed
cameras, fixed upon tripods, used inside moving police vehicles and in-car mobile
police units, they are extremely convenient for local authorities and police forces
across the UK. Because of this, they account for 90% of our fixed speed cameras.
Costing approximately £20,000 per camera - or £40,000 in rural locations due to the
need for a 240v power supply, the fixed Gatso cameras can take up to 400 pictures
before the film runs out, and are rear-facing. They are designed this way so that
when the camera flashes at a speeding motorist, it doesn't blind them and cause an
accident. However this means that you often don't see a Gatso camera until the very
last minute- which makes sure that the camera pays for itself relatively quickly. Often
you'll find two Gatso's pointing in opposite directions, to catch motorists traveling
either way.

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Annoyingly, they are clever little machines which can distinguish between different
sizes of vehicles and can also enforce separate speeding limits - e.g. on roads
where cars and vans are allowed to drive at 60mph, but HGVs are restricted to
40mph, it will be able to tell which is which, and enforce the limits accordingly.
Truvelo Speed Cameras
Truvelo system is steadily becoming more common and some parts of the UK now
predominantly use this type of camera. Three white lines are painted just ahead of
the Truvelo camera and there are strips in the road that register the speed of the
passing vehicle and trigger the camera.
By using an infra-red flash, the Truvelo camera avoids the flash that the rear Gatso
cameras produce when a photograph is taken. This means that the driver doesn't
see a flash but the camera can take a photograph of the driver, as well as the front of
the vehicle.
SPECS Cameras
SPECS work in conjunction with the Automatic Number Plate Reading (ANPR)
technology. These are the cameras that you often see fixed to gantries towering over
motorways or larger roads. You might also see them on central reservations or on
the roadside.
They are fitted with infra-red illuminators and are only ever seen in groups of 2 or
more. The groups of cameras are fixed at separate locations and work together to
establish the average speed a vehicle is traveling at - by working out how long it took
it to travel between each camera position.
When a car goes past the first and last cameras (and any in between), the number
plate details are recorded digitally. Using ANPR technology the video images of the
number plates are married up and the computer is able to work out which vehicles
are speeding, and which are not.

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The SPECS cameras are gaining in popularity, because they allow local authorities
to impose controlled speed networks over various lengths of road using technology
that is already available. They are currently situated at various locations across the
UK.
Gatso speed cameras - sited at the road side, Gatso speed
cameras use radar technology to measure speed, a photo of
the back of the vehicle is taken.
Truvelo speed cameras - sited at the road side, forward facing
Truvelo speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a
speed limit is exceeded.
SPECS speed cameras - sited on overhead gantries, SPECS
speed cameras measures your average speed between two
points.
Peek speed cameras - sited at the road side, Peek speed
cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is
exceeded.
Classification of Vehicles
Video-based Vehicle Detection and Classification (VVDC) system is applied for
collecting vehiclecount and classification data. The VVDC system has six modules:
live video capture, user input,background extraction, vehicle detection, shadow

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removal, and length-based classification. The VVDC system can take digitized video
images or live video signal as input.
Flow chart of the VVDC System
The main user interface of the VVDC system

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Incident Detection
Wide area video detection for direct automatic incident detection is based on real
time analysis of the images of cameras that cover the whole road that has to be
monitored. This analysis will detect all abnormalities of the traffic such as Stopped
vehicles, inverse direction drivers, slow vehicles, fallen objects, traffic jams
For example is the Idris Incident Detection system from US. The Idris Incident
Detection System (IDS) consists of a group of outstations spread along the roadway,
each responsible for monitoring a loop site, i.e. inductive loops arranged as one loop
pair per lane at that point. Various algorithms are used to characterize the traffic and
detect anomalies, which trigger alarm messages to a Higher Level System (HLS).
The IDS provides four broad categories of information:
Alarms, which notify the occurrence of exceptional events on the highway
Traffic information, sent at regular (configurable) intervals
Vehicle data, which consist of records generated each time a vehicle passes
over a loop site
Status, which provides information regarding the roadside equipment, either
on events or when requested by the HLS
The Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm:The core of the IDS is the Single
Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm. Its primary objective is to detect stopped vehicles
in high-speed, free-flowing traffic - a situation in which accidents tend to be most
serious. When the first outstation detects a vehicle, it sends a message containing
relevant vehicle data to the next downstream outstation. This next outstation will
expect the vehicle to arrive within a certain time window. If it does, the outstation will
inform the following one and so on. If it does not, it is likely that the vehicle has
stopped between the two outstations and an alarm is raised. This is a simplification
of the actual processing, which needs to keep a virtual map of all vehicles transiting
each outstation pair. The IDS is able to detect and track vehicles straddling lanes
and changing lanes between outstations.

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Alarms:Alarms are associated with the carriageway, the outstation and the lane
number and, where applicable, provide the data for the relevant vehicle.
Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV): This alarm is raised when a vehicle which was
detected by an upstream outstation fails to be detected by the current one. The
implication is that the vehicle has stopped somewhere between the two sites, either
on the running lanes or the shoulder.
Extra Vehicle: This alarm is raised when an unrecognized vehicle is detected at a
site, i.e. the vehicle was not detected by the previous outstation. This would normally
be a previously stopped vehicle rejoining the traffic.
Slow Vehicle: This alarm indicates a vehicle was detected at a speed significantly
below the current average speed of other vehicles on the highway. This is in itself a
dangerous condition and may frequently indicate the vehicle is about to stop.
Reverse Vehicle: Any vehicle moving in the wrong direction on a highway is a hazard
and an alarm is generated immediately.
Slow Traffic: This indicates the average speed of the vehicles has fallen below a pre-
defined threshold at the site. The cause will usually be congestion. This will also
happen upstream from an incident, in which case it will probably be followed shortly
by a Queued Traffic alarm.
Queued Traffic: A Queued Traffic alarm is raised to indicate traffic on that lane is
showing shock-wave or start/stop behavior. This is usually due either to excessive
congestion or a downstream incident.
Status: Status messages are used to inform a HLS of equipment status and SSV
algorithm status, such as: Operating; Off by command; Degraded; Failed.

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Traffic information:Traffic information messages provide data collected over
configurable time periods:
Traffic flow in vehicles per hour (on this lane) over the last time period.
Average vehicle speed over the last time period.
Presence of vehicles on the shoulder or in an ERA.
Currently active alarms. This includes the number of active SSVs for that lane,
Slow Traffic and Queued Traffic indications.
Traffic count, in vehicles, over the last time period. For added flexibility, two
data collection intervals are defined - one for the traffic count information and
one for the flow, speed and alarm status information
Vehicle records:Every time a vehicle crosses a loop site, a record is generated
including such information as:
Carriageway, lane and direction
Vehicle length and speed
Date and time of the occurrence and site occupancy time
Other data may easily be obtained from this information, such as the headway
between consecutive vehicles.
Traffic information message processing:This provides a real-time picture of the
highway conditions such as average speed and vehicle count. This can be used to
warn of congestion, and support decisions, for example, to open a shoulder to traffic.
Vehicle processing:Although the vehicle records are strictly a by-product of the
incident detection processing, they provide significant opportunities in longer-term
traffic management. These include:
Reconstitution of the highway scenario immediately prior to an accident, for
legal support (Idris is accurate enough for speed enforcement)
Monitoring of traffic volumes and speeds at any level of detail (seasonal,
weekly, daily, hourly, etc.) for future highway expansion planning.

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Monitoring of traffic patterns (lane changes, speed variations) to support traffic
management strategies both for day-to-day congestion management and
scheduling of maintenance procedures.
Analysis of motorists’ behaviour in diverse situations (frees flow, moderate
congestion, congestion and as a shock-wave of an incident propagates back
along the highway).
Vehicle records can be used real-time, when maximum information is needed
at the Control Centre, or, once stored in a database, can be analysed at
leisure by even the most time-consuming algorithms.

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Conclusions: By providing a comprehensive set of highly accurate data, in a flexible
manner, the Idris Incident Detection System enables safe and efficient administration
of highway sections where traffic levels are reaching capacity. The following areas
are addressed:
Rapid response to events on the highway
Day-to-day traffic administration
Support for legal issues (reconstitution) if accidents occur
Long term congestion and capacity expansion planning
Deep off-line analysis of traffic behaviour
Idris uses only inductive loops below the road surface to achieve this, improving
reliability and reducing whole-life cost.