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Appendix A
Proof of effectiveness of some of the agile methods used to
develop systems requirements
In all software development methodologies, the process of
collecting, understanding and managing all requirements for a
system is a crucial process in software development. Similar to
all this other methods, agile methods are not exceptional. Most
agile method handle requirements in order to implement them as
much accurately as possible to satisfy all the customer demands.
This is usually achieved by maintaining a continuous interaction
with the customers to address their needs according to priority
and functionalities. In this appendix, we shall be focusing on
continuous process of improving the development process.
Some agile methods include the following
1. eXtreme Programming (XP) – it improves a software project
in communication, simplicity, feedback and courage.
2. scrum- this is an agile, iterative and incremental method
which takes care of all changes that may come across in the
life-cycle of the project. Basically, it adds energy, focus and
clarity to development teams. Its major aim is ot see the whole
system being a successful product.
3. Dynamic system, development method (DSDM)
4. Adaptive software development (ASD)- this is a development
process that is a product of rapid application development. It
has four phases of communication and planning, analysis,
testing & deployment and design and deployment.
5. the crystal family
Due to availability of these various methods, the potential
adopters may experience a challenge of determining what to
apply on its own and therefore there was need to define a
document containing all the necessary values and common
qualities to be used across all agile methods. This document is
the Agile Manifesto and focuses mainly on human interactivity
and processes management.
1. Individual and interaction over various processes and tasks.
Usually the agile process will focus more on people and their
interactivity but not on the structural processes and tools.
2. Working software and documentation. Main objective of the
developers is actually delivering a functional code which will
always add value to our users. Well documented code is always
self-documented.
3. Responding to change over planning. Here developers are
required to respond very fast to the requirements variations.
Time used in planning is minimal compared to what our users
actually requires.
4. Customer collaboration over contracts. The mutual
relationship of the developers and susers of our system is
monitored and regulated through engaging the customer in the
development process.
The figure below shows the steps in agile methodologies which
focus on an iteration and adaptable change.
5.
Tools needed for requirement management in agile methods of
system development.
1. The most popular tools in agile methods include paper, pencil
a drawing pin board. If we consider eXtreme programming
requirements are obtained from user stories which are short
description of a single functionality in that has to be
implemented in the system by developers. These are usually
noted down on a piece of paper using a pencil and hang on a pin
board.
2. Uml modeling tools. They are used to write a high level
description of the program and to do a reverse engineering of
the original code for the purposes of creating a documentation
3. Requirements negotiation tools. These tools are used to help
developers and all users to plan on priorities and manage
various requirements at various environments.
4. Instant messaging tools. Tools used to keep in touch with the
customers. In our system we have integrated this tool to allow
our customers obtain help in case they encounter any issue with
our system.
5. Project management tools. These tools focus on specific
practices and are used in the agile methods to assists in the
storage and retrieval of requirements documents. For example
accessing customers historical transactions with our systems or
his profile in an electronic profile.
References
Abrahamsson P, Salo O, Ronkainen J, Warsta J (2002) Agile
software development
methods: Review and analysis. EPSOO 2002, VTT
Publications 478
Beck K (1999) Extreme programming explained: Embrace
change.
Addison-Wesley, UKss
SRS for Online Banking
Connie Farris
Colorado Technical University
Software Requirements Engineering
(CS455-1901B-01)
Dr. Debora Elam
02/06/2019
Running head: SRS FOR ONLINE BANKING 3
SRS FOR ONLINE BANKING 3
Revision History
Revision
Date
Name
Description
Initial Revision
02/15/2019
Software Requirement Elicitations
Created the original document for week one
Second Revision
02/23/2019
Software Requirement
Elicitations
Converted to single line and add numbering, double space
between sections
Third Revision
02/25/2019
Software Requirements Development
Created sections for week two
Fourth Revision
02/26/2019
Software Requirements Development
Added Traceability Matrix
SRS FOR ONLINE BANKING 3
SRS for Online Banking
Table of Contents
Revision History2
Software Requirements Elicitation4
1. Introduction4
2. Requirements4
3. Technical Preparation Made Before the Kickoff Meeting4
4. Skills Needed by the Developer5
5. Requirements Specification5
Software Requirements Development6
1.Introduction6
2.References: 02/24/20196
3.Overall Description7
4.Specific Requirements/ Functionality7
5.Usability8
6.Reliability9
7.Performance9
8.Supportability9
9.Design Constraints9
10.License10
11.Requirement Verification10
12.Requirements Traceability10
Traceability Matrix10
Appendix11
Testing Specification Development12
Management and Engineering12
Software Process and Methodologies13
Requirements Management & Engineering14
Software Engineering Processes & Methodologies18
References:19
References used in Unit 2:19
Software Requirements Elicitation 1. Introduction
A local bank that has been in business for about 3 years is
losing customers to banks that have more up to date services.
They have been operating on a traditional banking system where
all transactions must be done person to person. They realize in
order to get customers back and to gain new customers they will
have to incorporate online banking. They researched
information about this subject so they would be able to
understand what online banking is about. The information found
included:
The first online banking service in United States was
introduced, in October 1994. (K, 2019)
Online banking with conventional banks permits clients perform
all every day transactions and some offer online loan and credit
card applications. ("What is Online Banking? definition and
importance", 2019) This would include balance checks and
money transfers just to mention a few possibilities that are
available with online banking.
With account information available 24/7 and viewed from pc or
smartphone. With the growth of online banking, consumers can
look forward to larger development of services offered by
various banks and financial institution. These improvements
will enhance the operations and efficiency of business
transactions, resulting in better customer services. (Alfred,
Cathy, Peter & Vivian, 2019)
2. Requirements
Also known as requirements gathering, this stage in the
requirements development stage involves the collection of
system requirements from the stakeholders and will include
several techniques to successfully collect the requisite
requirements for the project. These will include interviews,
brainstorming, and facilitated application specification
technique (FAST) among others (Olson, 2014).
The clients would like to develop an online banking platform
and as such the meeting will be largely geared towards coming
up with requirements that will lead to the development of the
product. An online banking solution is one that provides
banking customers with the capability to access banking
services, information and support from a digital device like a
smartphone or a computer.
3. Technical Preparation Made Before the Kickoff Meeting
During the kickoff meeting, the client will outline their basic
vision for the project, including what they hope it can
accomplish once it is done. For this reason, the team will get
prepared to create use case diagrams as well as how to quickly
develop a basic prototype for an initial user interface for the
online banking solution. The kickoff meeting should establish
an initial baseline that should lay the ground for the
requirements process.4. Skills Needed by the Developer
The requirements elicitation process is a normally fraught
process, given how it involves two parties trying to agree on a
single thing. While ideally the client’s need to be the primary
focus, there are times when the developers will find themselves
having to disagree with the client, especially if the client’s
vision and suggestions are deemed impractical.
The developers will need to develop great communication skills
so as essentially act as the guide to the vision of the client.
Whenever situations arise, they find themselves in
disagreement, it will be the responsibility of the developer to
steer back to the right path.
Some of the software elicitation techniques will need a great
deal of teamwork, especially between the developer and the
client. Hence, the capabilities and skills of successfully working
in a team environment will be necessary. The Facilitated
Application Specification Technique (FAST) for example is one
requiring a team-oriented approach to coming up with the
specifications for the project (Olson, 2014).
5. Requirements Specification
After initial interviews and questionnaires, the development
team teamed with the client to come up with a requirement
outline. The process involved first identifying all the potential
stakeholders for the solution, then listing the requirements
intended for the product. Next involved sharpening the list by
eliminating redundancies and then grouping them according to
their importance in the final solution (Olson, 2014).
Among the requirements that were elicited for the online
banking solution include the following.
• The ability of a new customer to open an account from the
product.
• The capability of a current bank user to access their
account and view details on the account like their transaction
history, current balance and even receive a bank statement for a
specific period.
• The ability for customers of the bank to make transactions
from the online solution, including transferring funds to a
different account, making deposits to the account, as well as
withdrawal from the account to an authorized virtual wallet.
• The customer should be able to receive regular
notifications on activities on their account, like receiving
money, withdrawals and so forth, to not only promote
convenience but also prevent fraud.
Software Requirements Development1. Introduction
The online banking system is being developed to provide
convenience for the bank’s customers and partners. As such, the
scope of the project will be to develop a solution capable of
delivering the highest quality online banking experience, with
an easy to use interface, speedy performance and enough
features to justify its selection by customers. This paper focuses
on the development of the SRS document used in online banking
software and what the development process should and should
not entail. In line with the guidelines of SRS development, this
document is divided into sections for ease of understanding.
2. References: 02/24/2019
Aljawarneh, S. A. (2017). Emerging Challenges, Security
Issues, and Technologies in Online Banking Systems. Online
Banking Security Measures and Data Protection (pp. 90-112).
IGI Global.
Dauda, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2015). Technology adoption: A
conjoint analysis of consumers‫׳‬ preference in future online
banking services. Information Systems, 53, 1-15
.
Highsmith, J. (2014). Adaptive software development: a
collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-
Wesley.
Hussain Chandio, F., Irani, Z., Zeki, A. M., Shah, A., & Shah,
S. C. (2017). Online Banking Information Systems Acceptance:
An Empirical Examination of System Characteristics and Web
Security.
Krishnan, M. S. (2015). Software development risk aspects and
success frequency on spiral and agile model. International
Journal of Innovative research in computer and communication
Engineering, (3),
Olson, D. (2014). Information systems project management.
Business Expert Press.
Montazemi, A. R., & Qahri-Saremi, H. (2015). Factors affecting
the adoption of online banking: A meta-analytic structural
equation modeling study. Information & Management, 52(2),
210-226.
Systems Engineering Verification Process. (2018)Retrieved
from http://acqnotes.com/acqn/careerfields/verification-process
Wilke, G., & Portmann, E. (2016). Granular computing as a
basis of human–data interaction: a cognitive city use case.
Granular Computing, 1(3), 181-197.
3. Overall Description
The bank has been exploring ways it would improve its
customer service and make its products and services much more
accessible to its customers. With their fast-paced lives, these
customers want to be able to access their bank and be readily
provided with a wide array of products and services they would
have otherwise had to visit the physical branch to access. The
online banking services will enable the client to review real-
time account activity after client credentials have been
approved at sign in for account. The software requirements
specification (SRS) gives an in-depth description of how the
desired system should work and the process to be followed on
the development process. These specifications are modeled
based on business requirements also known as the stakeholder
requirements. SRS outlines the various functional and non-
functional requirements. This approach may also focus on
several use cases which extrapolate user interactions that will
be employed in the process of software development and the
functionalities to be provided. The SRS makes the foundation
for an agreement that is to be set between customers of the
software product and the contractors mandated to develop the
software or the suppliers looked at to deliver the software
(Dauda et.al. 2015).
4. Specific Requirements/ Functionality
The following requirements will be developed for the system
1. There shall be the capability to log into the system using
unique credentials.
• The users shall be capable of changing their credentials
• The users shall be capable of accessing different services
and products within the system
2. • Users shall be capable of accessing their personal
account information
• Users shall be capable of reviewing and updating their
personal information
3. • Users shall be capable of conducting transactions
such as transferring funds to and from their accounts
4. •Users shall be capable of applying for loans from the
system as well as check for the progress of the application
5. •Users shall be capable of applying for ATM cards
from the system
The system will be simple for the client and will ensure a
secure and accurate way to check all accounts at their
convenience from any device.
4a. Objectives of the system
1. The development of the online banking software (OBS)
will enable the bank to improve its services through the
facilitation of the banking process and the tracking of
transactions.
2. The online banking software will help the bank to schedule
maintenance and accounting processes and it will ensure
consistency (Wilke et.al. 2016).
3. This system will also allow the management to analyze
their revenues on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. Also, the
bank should realize profits by reducing redundancy of work as
this system reduces the manual work done by tellers and clerks.
4b. System Context
This software serves as an improvement to the existing manual
input methods. As it uses sophisticated software, the program
will be fast and reliable to both the customers and the bank. It is
easy to use on computers and can be accessed easily from
mobile applications by clients from around the globe
(Montazemi et.al. 2015).
The online banking software will give the client a chance to
interact with the bank through the easy-to-use, intuitive
graphical and attractive mobile interfaces. In this project,
technology is set to replace the old-fashioned manual methods
that have been in use from time immemorial. The software will
be developed using the advanced agile software development
techniques that require developers to be attentive at every step
of development. This is a simplified approach that aims at
producing the best software for use by the bank (Krishnan,
2015). The aim of this approach is to have a system that
satisfies customers while still making profits for the
stakeholders. Upon application of this software, engineers and
developers will analyze the functionalities based on customer
feedback with an aim of modifying the features and improving
the interface.
The tried and true approach is will be applied to state the
details of the development. Any arising issues will be addressed
in the subsequent meetings. The non-functional requirements
should be given priority to enable the proper user-software
interaction. All functions will be stored and retrieved from a
central database in the bank’s server. The developers should not
use real clients in the test, they should instead create virtual
clients and apply the various functions in a separate device.
This will prevent alteration of the already concealed customer
information.
5. Usability
The usability of the online banking system will be determined
by how the design team makes choices regarding how easy it
will be for the customers to make use of the system. This will
include how fast the system responses to requests. The user
should be capable of quickly locating whatever service or
product they are looking for without much hassle (Olson, 2014).
All new users will be required to register by pressing the
‘register’ button on the bank’s main web page. Upon submission
of the relevant personal details and account’s details, a profile
will be created for the new users. All other features, saving and
banking services can be accessed by the registered users in
subsequent times by logging into their accounts.
A feature will be developed where a client can make multiple
transactions using the ‘open several windows’ button. The
buttons should only be available to validated clients with a
history of compliance with loan services. Clients will be able to
print out their bank statements remotely. The software will be
made in a customer friendly approach with easy-to-use
interfaces that combine graphical presentations and available
reservations
6. Reliability
The mean time between failures (MBTF) is the time that passes
between one failure of the system and when the next failure
manifests. These metrics indicate how reliable the system is and
if it can successfully deliver on functions to its users. To avoid
inconveniences to customers who will want to resume access to
services as soon as possible, the MTTR will be looked upon to
be a maximum of thirty-six hours to accommodate for ample
time should it be needed for more complex failures (Highsmith,
2014). The online banking software is a 24 hours service
available for the 7 days of the week. All services of the OBS
will be provided in real time and information about the state of
their account will be rendered when available.7. Performance
For the system to be useful to the customers, it will need to be
capable of high performance, delivering the required speeds to
the users of the system. Once a customer has logged into the
system, the response time will be about one second from request
to fulfilment for navigating the parts of the online banking
system to access products and services (Olson, 2014).
8. Supportability
The Admin will have unfettered access to the system, capable of
monitoring all activities within the system, and intervene
whenever they are needed. They will be responsible for purging
users from the system whenever the need arises, analyze the
transactions conducted on the system and make regular
maintenance tasks. The access granted to the Admin will also
allow them to install security and management features that will
alert them to security threats as well as management
requirements throughout the system (Olson, 2014). The OBS
shall have the ability to handle high amounts of data. The
system will generate a suitable error message for faulty entries
but will not crash. The OBS will have a cloud backup for data
recovery purposes (Dauda et.al. 2015).
The online banking software will go a long way into improving
business for the bank while ensuring customer satisfaction
9. Design Constraints
1. These constraints will largely appear in users shifting
between the use of smartphones to tablets and PC. The change
in form factors will mean the loss of some features and system
capabilities. As it was initially designed, the system should be
best accessible without issues on a PC, with the smaller form
factor of smartphones representing the other end of the
spectrum.
2. These issues will be solved through continuous improvements
made to the system over time (Highsmith, 2014). This OBS has
been developed for Microsoft users only. The users of IOS may
experience some glitches. The support team is working to make
the platform more conversant.
10. License
The setting up of the online platform requires that the
international monetary fund and the World Bank as well as the
federal Bureau of Financial Regulations among other security
and finance agencies such as the Federal Bureau of
Investigations be notified. This is in order to monitor and
regulate online financial services (Hussain et.al. 2017). The
system will be licensing software from various vendors,
allowing to access features and requirements that were either
too expensive to implement, or required too much focus and
attention without being key to the system in a major way.
11. Requirement Verification
Charts, test simulations, and models will be used to discover if
the system meets all requirements of the stakeholders and end-
users needs. Complete validation must be met before project
continues. All customers who wish to subscribe to the online
program must be full members of the bank and bearers of a
valid account number.
Analysis is the verification of a product or system using models,
calculations and testing equipment. Analysis allows someone to
make predictive statements about the typical performance of a
product or system based on the confirmed test results of a
sample set or by combining the outcome of individual tests to
conclude something new about the product or system. It is
often used to predict the breaking point or failure of a product
or system by using nondestructive tests to extrapolate the
failure point12. Requirements Traceability
This process will allocate all requirements for the system and
software. They will then be categorized and given codes to
distinguish each requirement for easy reference. The software
will be simple to use for both the administrator and the users
(customers). All transactions will be controlled through a
central server that will enable the bounce back for easy local
identification and traceability. Some of the major CSCI
requirements will be availability, network, transfer speed,
hardware, software, interface, server-updates and validation and
process.Traceability Matrix
Code
Functional Requirements
Purpose
3.6
Availability
Accessibility to the framework will be steady contingent upon
the system speed of the ISP, and the device being utilized
3.7
Network
This will be the path to the information through the sever of the
bank website containing the information.
3.8
Transfer Speed
The exchange speed of the data from the server to the
framework to display for the client will be prompt.
3.9
Hardware
The equipment utilized for the framework will be the physical
body of the framework and is additionally what will be utilized
by the customer to get to the framework from device
3.10
Software
The software in the framework will empower the client to get to
various highlights in the framework and the framework by and
large. Without both the hardware and programming, the
framework won't work
3.11
Interface
The interface will go about as a transport or passage
between the framework and the user for access
3.12
Server-updates
The servers will be refreshed normally to ensure the most recent
patches are verified, and new highlights can be actualized
3.13
Validation and Process
The framework won't discharge data until the login
qualifications are checked by the server. On the off chance that
the qualifications aren't right, the framework will permit 3
attempts before the record is bolted and an email will be sent to
confirm the genuine record proprietor was the one making the
endeavor to login
Appendix- I will use a casual use case format first and after a
fully dressed use case. The casual format is just basic
information, while a fully dressed format will address all issues
included for this process. Charts and Graphs shall be used to
exhibit most of the requirement information, although graphs
will be the main source for future references.
Test Specification Development
Testing Specification Development
The system will be under regular testing once it is deployed.
These tests are meant to acquire its performance measure,
identify errors in the system, identify system security issues,
and more in-depth specific functionality tests. The system will
be tested on a regular basis to ensure a smooth transition from
the old manual method. Additionally, users will be requested to
take part in the testing process to help capture the areas that are
lacking (Sarah, 2004).
• 1. Accessibility tests- This test for usability, all computer
software should be catered for disabled persons, ensure
operations are easy to perform (e.g. keyboard shortcuts, visible
options for users, smooth navigation etc.).
• 2. Performance testing- Tests conducted to determine the
speed at which transactions/ processes are undertaken. Using
different devices, the online banking system will be accessed.
The optimum speed can be changed when traffic increases
gradually.
• 3. Security Testing-This involves several specific testes
i.e. penetration testing, risk assessments, ethical hacking,
security auditing, and vulnerability scanning. The banking
system is especially important software ergo maximum-security
frameworks have to be tested on a constant basis.
• 4. System specific testing- With the gradual transition
from the old system, the functionalities of the online system
will be subjected to specific tests. Components will be closely
reviewed e.g. code snippets, departmental task processes, the
network of the system, etc. By so doing, the system will be put
under constant improvement hence ensuring needs that arise are
dealt with.
• 5. Vulnerability tests- The OBS will be subjected to
different tests in trying to find out weak points that exist in the
system. Reliability of the system will be measured giving the
performance level the system should operate at.
It is noteworthy that the system is divided into modules to allow
specification testing development. Hereby, the system will
allow each specific branch to be isolated from the rest so that
interoperability is maintained. The terms for the testing process
will be well outlined; system normal average performance will
be a standard at any testing period afterward.
The purpose of a specialized testing process is due to the
environmental factors e.g. different time zones, hardware
variations, dependencies on other different technologies. The
testing phase will allow ample preparations for several different
scenarios for the online banking system (Duboist et al, 2004).
Management and Engineering
Once the system has been decided upon, there are changes that
are bound to emerge. A requirement management process will
be able to plan for, and further, accommodate changes that can
come about after its launch. The online banking system will be
new to the bank users, ergo if new needs come up, they will be
addressed by the development team. The requirement
management will develop a plan that identifies areas that need
change, involves stakeholders (customer suggestions) in the
change analysis, and keep track of all the required attributes.
The process will depend on a requirement plan that will entail
the documented requirements and a tracing process that keeps
tabs on the requirements from the start to the end of the project
(Thakur, 2019). Thus, the requirement management will ensure
the OBS is up to standards together with saving on costs that
would have been spent after it is in use. Areas involved in
software requirement management are concerned with
functional and non-functional requirements; both apply to both
the users and the system. These parts of the project are covered
under requirement engineering.
Requirement engineering will be based on requirement
elicitation, specification, validation, verification, and
management. The process will entail capturing the user and
system requirements. The functional requirements are the main
events performed by the OBS; they are defined by users and
represented by the system as processes, inputs, and outputs.
Non-functional requirements are constraints about the system.
speed, reliability, and security. Requirement engineering
ensures all the objectives listed are satisfied together with an
optimum system performance measure being achieved (Omar,
2016). Testing will be based upon the data obtained from
requirements engineering.
Software Process and Methodologies
The OBS is meant to make bank transactions faster, more
hands-on, accessible, and serve several customer needs. For this
t be accomplished, the system development process needs to
regularly incorporate the customers. Testing of the project will
be done in a controlled manner that minimizes all risk factors.
The development process will employ prototyping, a model that
will allow a combination of the system modules to test
interoperability. The OBS software prototype will be able to
elicit and validate the user requirements hence help in
developing more precise objectives. Additionally, the process
will be able programmers will be able to generate realistic/ real
life system designs depending on the changes brought about by
the user interaction. User roles in the system development
process will be outlined i.e. programmers, customers, and
conditions governing them (Omar, 2017).
The process will follow the standard software development
life cycle with a major focus being on requirement analysis,
development of the software, and testing. Prototyping will allow
for the system to be changed in terms of user requirement
refining. The testing and maintenance phase will be a
continuous process whereby any part of the system that is found
with errors is tackled on time. Also, the system will undergo
maintenance that will keep the system up to date with
continuous upgrades.
Requirements Management & Engineering TBD
Software Engineering Processes & Methodologies TBD
References:
Alfred, C., Cathy, C., Peter, I., & Vivian, L. (2019). E-
Commerce and Online Banking: Transaction Processing.
Retrieved from
https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~apidduck/CS330/W04/Seminars/chau.p
df
Duboist, K., Dominique, H., Henderson, L., Rosenthal, L.
(2004) QA Specification Guidelines Retrieved from
https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-qaframe-spec-
20040602/#variability
K, S. (2019). History of Internet Banking. [online] WealthHow.
Available at: https://wealthhow.com/history-of-internet-banking
[Accessed 15 Feb. 2019].
Olson, D. (2014). Information systems project management.
Business Expert Press.
Omar, E. (2016) Requirements Engineering — Introduction (Part
1). Retrieved from https://medium.com/omarelgabrys-
blog/requirements-engineering-introduction-part-1-
6d49001526d3
Omar, E. (2017) Software Engineering — Software Process and
Software Process Models (Part 2). Retrieved from
https://medium.com/omarelgabrys-blog/software-engineering-
software-process-and-software-process-models-part-2-
4a9d06213fdc
Sarah, F (2004) Developing a Test Specification Retrieved from
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/saraford/2004/10/28/developi
ng-a-test-specification/
Thakur, D. (2019) Requirements Management Process in
Software Engineering Retrieved from
http://ecomputernotes.com/software-
engineering/requirementsmanagementprocess
What is Online Banking? definition and meaning. (2019).
Retrieved from
http://www.investorwords.com/3420/online_banking.html
References used in Unit 2:
Aljawarneh, S. A. (2017). Emerging Challenges, Security
Issues, and Technologies in Online Banking Systems. Online
Banking Security Measures and Data Protection (pp. 90-112).
IGI Global.
Dauda, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2015). Technology adoption: A
conjoint analysis of consumers‫׳‬ preference in future online
banking services. Information Systems, 53, 1-15
.
Highsmith, J. (2014). Adaptive software development: a
collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-
Wesley.
Hussain Chandio, F., Irani, Z., Zeki, A. M., Shah, A., & Shah,
S. C. (2017). Online Banking Information Systems Acceptance:
An Empirical Examination of System Characteristics and Web
Security.
Krishnan, M. S. (2015). Software development risk aspects and
success frequency on spiral and agile model. International
Journal of Innovative research in computer and communication
Engineering, (3),
Olson, D. (2014). Information systems project management.
Business Expert Press.
Montazemi, A. R., & Qahri-Saremi, H. (2015). Factors affecting
the adoption of online banking: A meta-analytic structural
equation modeling study. Information & Management, 52(2),
210-226.
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basis of human–data interaction: a cognitive city use case.
Granular Computing, 1(3), 181-197.
Appendix AProof of effectiveness of some of the agile methods us.docx
Appendix AProof of effectiveness of some of the agile methods us.docx

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Appendix AProof of effectiveness of some of the agile methods us.docx

  • 1. Appendix A Proof of effectiveness of some of the agile methods used to develop systems requirements In all software development methodologies, the process of collecting, understanding and managing all requirements for a system is a crucial process in software development. Similar to all this other methods, agile methods are not exceptional. Most agile method handle requirements in order to implement them as much accurately as possible to satisfy all the customer demands. This is usually achieved by maintaining a continuous interaction with the customers to address their needs according to priority and functionalities. In this appendix, we shall be focusing on continuous process of improving the development process. Some agile methods include the following 1. eXtreme Programming (XP) – it improves a software project in communication, simplicity, feedback and courage. 2. scrum- this is an agile, iterative and incremental method which takes care of all changes that may come across in the life-cycle of the project. Basically, it adds energy, focus and clarity to development teams. Its major aim is ot see the whole system being a successful product. 3. Dynamic system, development method (DSDM) 4. Adaptive software development (ASD)- this is a development process that is a product of rapid application development. It has four phases of communication and planning, analysis, testing & deployment and design and deployment. 5. the crystal family Due to availability of these various methods, the potential adopters may experience a challenge of determining what to apply on its own and therefore there was need to define a document containing all the necessary values and common qualities to be used across all agile methods. This document is the Agile Manifesto and focuses mainly on human interactivity and processes management.
  • 2. 1. Individual and interaction over various processes and tasks. Usually the agile process will focus more on people and their interactivity but not on the structural processes and tools. 2. Working software and documentation. Main objective of the developers is actually delivering a functional code which will always add value to our users. Well documented code is always self-documented. 3. Responding to change over planning. Here developers are required to respond very fast to the requirements variations. Time used in planning is minimal compared to what our users actually requires. 4. Customer collaboration over contracts. The mutual relationship of the developers and susers of our system is monitored and regulated through engaging the customer in the development process. The figure below shows the steps in agile methodologies which focus on an iteration and adaptable change. 5. Tools needed for requirement management in agile methods of system development. 1. The most popular tools in agile methods include paper, pencil a drawing pin board. If we consider eXtreme programming requirements are obtained from user stories which are short description of a single functionality in that has to be implemented in the system by developers. These are usually noted down on a piece of paper using a pencil and hang on a pin board. 2. Uml modeling tools. They are used to write a high level description of the program and to do a reverse engineering of the original code for the purposes of creating a documentation 3. Requirements negotiation tools. These tools are used to help developers and all users to plan on priorities and manage various requirements at various environments. 4. Instant messaging tools. Tools used to keep in touch with the customers. In our system we have integrated this tool to allow our customers obtain help in case they encounter any issue with
  • 3. our system. 5. Project management tools. These tools focus on specific practices and are used in the agile methods to assists in the storage and retrieval of requirements documents. For example accessing customers historical transactions with our systems or his profile in an electronic profile. References Abrahamsson P, Salo O, Ronkainen J, Warsta J (2002) Agile software development methods: Review and analysis. EPSOO 2002, VTT Publications 478 Beck K (1999) Extreme programming explained: Embrace change. Addison-Wesley, UKss SRS for Online Banking Connie Farris Colorado Technical University Software Requirements Engineering (CS455-1901B-01) Dr. Debora Elam 02/06/2019 Running head: SRS FOR ONLINE BANKING 3
  • 4. SRS FOR ONLINE BANKING 3 Revision History Revision Date Name Description Initial Revision 02/15/2019 Software Requirement Elicitations Created the original document for week one Second Revision 02/23/2019 Software Requirement Elicitations Converted to single line and add numbering, double space between sections Third Revision 02/25/2019 Software Requirements Development Created sections for week two Fourth Revision 02/26/2019 Software Requirements Development Added Traceability Matrix SRS FOR ONLINE BANKING 3
  • 5. SRS for Online Banking Table of Contents Revision History2 Software Requirements Elicitation4 1. Introduction4 2. Requirements4 3. Technical Preparation Made Before the Kickoff Meeting4 4. Skills Needed by the Developer5 5. Requirements Specification5 Software Requirements Development6 1.Introduction6 2.References: 02/24/20196 3.Overall Description7 4.Specific Requirements/ Functionality7 5.Usability8 6.Reliability9 7.Performance9 8.Supportability9 9.Design Constraints9 10.License10 11.Requirement Verification10 12.Requirements Traceability10 Traceability Matrix10 Appendix11 Testing Specification Development12 Management and Engineering12 Software Process and Methodologies13 Requirements Management & Engineering14 Software Engineering Processes & Methodologies18 References:19 References used in Unit 2:19 Software Requirements Elicitation 1. Introduction A local bank that has been in business for about 3 years is
  • 6. losing customers to banks that have more up to date services. They have been operating on a traditional banking system where all transactions must be done person to person. They realize in order to get customers back and to gain new customers they will have to incorporate online banking. They researched information about this subject so they would be able to understand what online banking is about. The information found included: The first online banking service in United States was introduced, in October 1994. (K, 2019) Online banking with conventional banks permits clients perform all every day transactions and some offer online loan and credit card applications. ("What is Online Banking? definition and importance", 2019) This would include balance checks and money transfers just to mention a few possibilities that are available with online banking. With account information available 24/7 and viewed from pc or smartphone. With the growth of online banking, consumers can look forward to larger development of services offered by various banks and financial institution. These improvements will enhance the operations and efficiency of business transactions, resulting in better customer services. (Alfred, Cathy, Peter & Vivian, 2019) 2. Requirements Also known as requirements gathering, this stage in the requirements development stage involves the collection of system requirements from the stakeholders and will include several techniques to successfully collect the requisite requirements for the project. These will include interviews, brainstorming, and facilitated application specification technique (FAST) among others (Olson, 2014). The clients would like to develop an online banking platform and as such the meeting will be largely geared towards coming up with requirements that will lead to the development of the
  • 7. product. An online banking solution is one that provides banking customers with the capability to access banking services, information and support from a digital device like a smartphone or a computer. 3. Technical Preparation Made Before the Kickoff Meeting During the kickoff meeting, the client will outline their basic vision for the project, including what they hope it can accomplish once it is done. For this reason, the team will get prepared to create use case diagrams as well as how to quickly develop a basic prototype for an initial user interface for the online banking solution. The kickoff meeting should establish an initial baseline that should lay the ground for the requirements process.4. Skills Needed by the Developer The requirements elicitation process is a normally fraught process, given how it involves two parties trying to agree on a single thing. While ideally the client’s need to be the primary focus, there are times when the developers will find themselves having to disagree with the client, especially if the client’s vision and suggestions are deemed impractical. The developers will need to develop great communication skills so as essentially act as the guide to the vision of the client. Whenever situations arise, they find themselves in disagreement, it will be the responsibility of the developer to steer back to the right path. Some of the software elicitation techniques will need a great deal of teamwork, especially between the developer and the client. Hence, the capabilities and skills of successfully working in a team environment will be necessary. The Facilitated Application Specification Technique (FAST) for example is one requiring a team-oriented approach to coming up with the specifications for the project (Olson, 2014).
  • 8. 5. Requirements Specification After initial interviews and questionnaires, the development team teamed with the client to come up with a requirement outline. The process involved first identifying all the potential stakeholders for the solution, then listing the requirements intended for the product. Next involved sharpening the list by eliminating redundancies and then grouping them according to their importance in the final solution (Olson, 2014). Among the requirements that were elicited for the online banking solution include the following. • The ability of a new customer to open an account from the product. • The capability of a current bank user to access their account and view details on the account like their transaction history, current balance and even receive a bank statement for a specific period. • The ability for customers of the bank to make transactions from the online solution, including transferring funds to a different account, making deposits to the account, as well as withdrawal from the account to an authorized virtual wallet. • The customer should be able to receive regular notifications on activities on their account, like receiving money, withdrawals and so forth, to not only promote convenience but also prevent fraud. Software Requirements Development1. Introduction The online banking system is being developed to provide convenience for the bank’s customers and partners. As such, the scope of the project will be to develop a solution capable of delivering the highest quality online banking experience, with an easy to use interface, speedy performance and enough features to justify its selection by customers. This paper focuses
  • 9. on the development of the SRS document used in online banking software and what the development process should and should not entail. In line with the guidelines of SRS development, this document is divided into sections for ease of understanding. 2. References: 02/24/2019 Aljawarneh, S. A. (2017). Emerging Challenges, Security Issues, and Technologies in Online Banking Systems. Online Banking Security Measures and Data Protection (pp. 90-112). IGI Global. Dauda, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2015). Technology adoption: A conjoint analysis of consumers‫׳‬ preference in future online banking services. Information Systems, 53, 1-15 . Highsmith, J. (2014). Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison- Wesley. Hussain Chandio, F., Irani, Z., Zeki, A. M., Shah, A., & Shah, S. C. (2017). Online Banking Information Systems Acceptance: An Empirical Examination of System Characteristics and Web Security. Krishnan, M. S. (2015). Software development risk aspects and success frequency on spiral and agile model. International Journal of Innovative research in computer and communication Engineering, (3), Olson, D. (2014). Information systems project management. Business Expert Press. Montazemi, A. R., & Qahri-Saremi, H. (2015). Factors affecting the adoption of online banking: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling study. Information & Management, 52(2), 210-226.
  • 10. Systems Engineering Verification Process. (2018)Retrieved from http://acqnotes.com/acqn/careerfields/verification-process Wilke, G., & Portmann, E. (2016). Granular computing as a basis of human–data interaction: a cognitive city use case. Granular Computing, 1(3), 181-197. 3. Overall Description The bank has been exploring ways it would improve its customer service and make its products and services much more accessible to its customers. With their fast-paced lives, these customers want to be able to access their bank and be readily provided with a wide array of products and services they would have otherwise had to visit the physical branch to access. The online banking services will enable the client to review real- time account activity after client credentials have been approved at sign in for account. The software requirements specification (SRS) gives an in-depth description of how the desired system should work and the process to be followed on the development process. These specifications are modeled based on business requirements also known as the stakeholder requirements. SRS outlines the various functional and non- functional requirements. This approach may also focus on several use cases which extrapolate user interactions that will be employed in the process of software development and the functionalities to be provided. The SRS makes the foundation for an agreement that is to be set between customers of the software product and the contractors mandated to develop the software or the suppliers looked at to deliver the software (Dauda et.al. 2015). 4. Specific Requirements/ Functionality The following requirements will be developed for the system 1. There shall be the capability to log into the system using unique credentials. • The users shall be capable of changing their credentials
  • 11. • The users shall be capable of accessing different services and products within the system 2. • Users shall be capable of accessing their personal account information • Users shall be capable of reviewing and updating their personal information 3. • Users shall be capable of conducting transactions such as transferring funds to and from their accounts 4. •Users shall be capable of applying for loans from the system as well as check for the progress of the application 5. •Users shall be capable of applying for ATM cards from the system The system will be simple for the client and will ensure a secure and accurate way to check all accounts at their convenience from any device. 4a. Objectives of the system 1. The development of the online banking software (OBS) will enable the bank to improve its services through the facilitation of the banking process and the tracking of transactions. 2. The online banking software will help the bank to schedule maintenance and accounting processes and it will ensure consistency (Wilke et.al. 2016). 3. This system will also allow the management to analyze their revenues on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. Also, the bank should realize profits by reducing redundancy of work as this system reduces the manual work done by tellers and clerks. 4b. System Context This software serves as an improvement to the existing manual input methods. As it uses sophisticated software, the program will be fast and reliable to both the customers and the bank. It is
  • 12. easy to use on computers and can be accessed easily from mobile applications by clients from around the globe (Montazemi et.al. 2015). The online banking software will give the client a chance to interact with the bank through the easy-to-use, intuitive graphical and attractive mobile interfaces. In this project, technology is set to replace the old-fashioned manual methods that have been in use from time immemorial. The software will be developed using the advanced agile software development techniques that require developers to be attentive at every step of development. This is a simplified approach that aims at producing the best software for use by the bank (Krishnan, 2015). The aim of this approach is to have a system that satisfies customers while still making profits for the stakeholders. Upon application of this software, engineers and developers will analyze the functionalities based on customer feedback with an aim of modifying the features and improving the interface. The tried and true approach is will be applied to state the details of the development. Any arising issues will be addressed in the subsequent meetings. The non-functional requirements should be given priority to enable the proper user-software interaction. All functions will be stored and retrieved from a central database in the bank’s server. The developers should not use real clients in the test, they should instead create virtual clients and apply the various functions in a separate device. This will prevent alteration of the already concealed customer information. 5. Usability The usability of the online banking system will be determined by how the design team makes choices regarding how easy it will be for the customers to make use of the system. This will include how fast the system responses to requests. The user should be capable of quickly locating whatever service or product they are looking for without much hassle (Olson, 2014). All new users will be required to register by pressing the
  • 13. ‘register’ button on the bank’s main web page. Upon submission of the relevant personal details and account’s details, a profile will be created for the new users. All other features, saving and banking services can be accessed by the registered users in subsequent times by logging into their accounts. A feature will be developed where a client can make multiple transactions using the ‘open several windows’ button. The buttons should only be available to validated clients with a history of compliance with loan services. Clients will be able to print out their bank statements remotely. The software will be made in a customer friendly approach with easy-to-use interfaces that combine graphical presentations and available reservations 6. Reliability The mean time between failures (MBTF) is the time that passes between one failure of the system and when the next failure manifests. These metrics indicate how reliable the system is and if it can successfully deliver on functions to its users. To avoid inconveniences to customers who will want to resume access to services as soon as possible, the MTTR will be looked upon to be a maximum of thirty-six hours to accommodate for ample time should it be needed for more complex failures (Highsmith, 2014). The online banking software is a 24 hours service available for the 7 days of the week. All services of the OBS will be provided in real time and information about the state of their account will be rendered when available.7. Performance For the system to be useful to the customers, it will need to be capable of high performance, delivering the required speeds to the users of the system. Once a customer has logged into the system, the response time will be about one second from request to fulfilment for navigating the parts of the online banking system to access products and services (Olson, 2014). 8. Supportability The Admin will have unfettered access to the system, capable of monitoring all activities within the system, and intervene
  • 14. whenever they are needed. They will be responsible for purging users from the system whenever the need arises, analyze the transactions conducted on the system and make regular maintenance tasks. The access granted to the Admin will also allow them to install security and management features that will alert them to security threats as well as management requirements throughout the system (Olson, 2014). The OBS shall have the ability to handle high amounts of data. The system will generate a suitable error message for faulty entries but will not crash. The OBS will have a cloud backup for data recovery purposes (Dauda et.al. 2015). The online banking software will go a long way into improving business for the bank while ensuring customer satisfaction 9. Design Constraints 1. These constraints will largely appear in users shifting between the use of smartphones to tablets and PC. The change in form factors will mean the loss of some features and system capabilities. As it was initially designed, the system should be best accessible without issues on a PC, with the smaller form factor of smartphones representing the other end of the spectrum. 2. These issues will be solved through continuous improvements made to the system over time (Highsmith, 2014). This OBS has been developed for Microsoft users only. The users of IOS may experience some glitches. The support team is working to make the platform more conversant. 10. License The setting up of the online platform requires that the international monetary fund and the World Bank as well as the federal Bureau of Financial Regulations among other security and finance agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigations be notified. This is in order to monitor and regulate online financial services (Hussain et.al. 2017). The system will be licensing software from various vendors, allowing to access features and requirements that were either too expensive to implement, or required too much focus and
  • 15. attention without being key to the system in a major way. 11. Requirement Verification Charts, test simulations, and models will be used to discover if the system meets all requirements of the stakeholders and end- users needs. Complete validation must be met before project continues. All customers who wish to subscribe to the online program must be full members of the bank and bearers of a valid account number. Analysis is the verification of a product or system using models, calculations and testing equipment. Analysis allows someone to make predictive statements about the typical performance of a product or system based on the confirmed test results of a sample set or by combining the outcome of individual tests to conclude something new about the product or system. It is often used to predict the breaking point or failure of a product or system by using nondestructive tests to extrapolate the failure point12. Requirements Traceability This process will allocate all requirements for the system and software. They will then be categorized and given codes to distinguish each requirement for easy reference. The software will be simple to use for both the administrator and the users (customers). All transactions will be controlled through a central server that will enable the bounce back for easy local identification and traceability. Some of the major CSCI requirements will be availability, network, transfer speed, hardware, software, interface, server-updates and validation and process.Traceability Matrix Code Functional Requirements Purpose 3.6 Availability
  • 16. Accessibility to the framework will be steady contingent upon the system speed of the ISP, and the device being utilized 3.7 Network This will be the path to the information through the sever of the bank website containing the information. 3.8 Transfer Speed The exchange speed of the data from the server to the framework to display for the client will be prompt. 3.9 Hardware The equipment utilized for the framework will be the physical body of the framework and is additionally what will be utilized by the customer to get to the framework from device 3.10 Software The software in the framework will empower the client to get to various highlights in the framework and the framework by and large. Without both the hardware and programming, the framework won't work 3.11 Interface
  • 17. The interface will go about as a transport or passage between the framework and the user for access 3.12 Server-updates The servers will be refreshed normally to ensure the most recent patches are verified, and new highlights can be actualized 3.13 Validation and Process The framework won't discharge data until the login qualifications are checked by the server. On the off chance that the qualifications aren't right, the framework will permit 3 attempts before the record is bolted and an email will be sent to confirm the genuine record proprietor was the one making the endeavor to login Appendix- I will use a casual use case format first and after a fully dressed use case. The casual format is just basic information, while a fully dressed format will address all issues included for this process. Charts and Graphs shall be used to exhibit most of the requirement information, although graphs will be the main source for future references.
  • 18. Test Specification Development Testing Specification Development The system will be under regular testing once it is deployed. These tests are meant to acquire its performance measure, identify errors in the system, identify system security issues, and more in-depth specific functionality tests. The system will be tested on a regular basis to ensure a smooth transition from the old manual method. Additionally, users will be requested to take part in the testing process to help capture the areas that are lacking (Sarah, 2004). • 1. Accessibility tests- This test for usability, all computer software should be catered for disabled persons, ensure operations are easy to perform (e.g. keyboard shortcuts, visible options for users, smooth navigation etc.). • 2. Performance testing- Tests conducted to determine the speed at which transactions/ processes are undertaken. Using different devices, the online banking system will be accessed. The optimum speed can be changed when traffic increases gradually. • 3. Security Testing-This involves several specific testes i.e. penetration testing, risk assessments, ethical hacking, security auditing, and vulnerability scanning. The banking system is especially important software ergo maximum-security frameworks have to be tested on a constant basis. • 4. System specific testing- With the gradual transition from the old system, the functionalities of the online system will be subjected to specific tests. Components will be closely reviewed e.g. code snippets, departmental task processes, the network of the system, etc. By so doing, the system will be put under constant improvement hence ensuring needs that arise are dealt with. • 5. Vulnerability tests- The OBS will be subjected to
  • 19. different tests in trying to find out weak points that exist in the system. Reliability of the system will be measured giving the performance level the system should operate at. It is noteworthy that the system is divided into modules to allow specification testing development. Hereby, the system will allow each specific branch to be isolated from the rest so that interoperability is maintained. The terms for the testing process will be well outlined; system normal average performance will be a standard at any testing period afterward. The purpose of a specialized testing process is due to the environmental factors e.g. different time zones, hardware variations, dependencies on other different technologies. The testing phase will allow ample preparations for several different scenarios for the online banking system (Duboist et al, 2004). Management and Engineering Once the system has been decided upon, there are changes that are bound to emerge. A requirement management process will be able to plan for, and further, accommodate changes that can come about after its launch. The online banking system will be new to the bank users, ergo if new needs come up, they will be addressed by the development team. The requirement management will develop a plan that identifies areas that need change, involves stakeholders (customer suggestions) in the change analysis, and keep track of all the required attributes. The process will depend on a requirement plan that will entail the documented requirements and a tracing process that keeps tabs on the requirements from the start to the end of the project (Thakur, 2019). Thus, the requirement management will ensure the OBS is up to standards together with saving on costs that would have been spent after it is in use. Areas involved in software requirement management are concerned with functional and non-functional requirements; both apply to both the users and the system. These parts of the project are covered under requirement engineering. Requirement engineering will be based on requirement elicitation, specification, validation, verification, and
  • 20. management. The process will entail capturing the user and system requirements. The functional requirements are the main events performed by the OBS; they are defined by users and represented by the system as processes, inputs, and outputs. Non-functional requirements are constraints about the system. speed, reliability, and security. Requirement engineering ensures all the objectives listed are satisfied together with an optimum system performance measure being achieved (Omar, 2016). Testing will be based upon the data obtained from requirements engineering. Software Process and Methodologies The OBS is meant to make bank transactions faster, more hands-on, accessible, and serve several customer needs. For this t be accomplished, the system development process needs to regularly incorporate the customers. Testing of the project will be done in a controlled manner that minimizes all risk factors. The development process will employ prototyping, a model that will allow a combination of the system modules to test interoperability. The OBS software prototype will be able to elicit and validate the user requirements hence help in developing more precise objectives. Additionally, the process will be able programmers will be able to generate realistic/ real life system designs depending on the changes brought about by the user interaction. User roles in the system development process will be outlined i.e. programmers, customers, and conditions governing them (Omar, 2017). The process will follow the standard software development life cycle with a major focus being on requirement analysis, development of the software, and testing. Prototyping will allow for the system to be changed in terms of user requirement refining. The testing and maintenance phase will be a continuous process whereby any part of the system that is found with errors is tackled on time. Also, the system will undergo maintenance that will keep the system up to date with continuous upgrades.
  • 21. Requirements Management & Engineering TBD
  • 22. Software Engineering Processes & Methodologies TBD
  • 23. References: Alfred, C., Cathy, C., Peter, I., & Vivian, L. (2019). E- Commerce and Online Banking: Transaction Processing.
  • 24. Retrieved from https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~apidduck/CS330/W04/Seminars/chau.p df Duboist, K., Dominique, H., Henderson, L., Rosenthal, L. (2004) QA Specification Guidelines Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-qaframe-spec- 20040602/#variability K, S. (2019). History of Internet Banking. [online] WealthHow. Available at: https://wealthhow.com/history-of-internet-banking [Accessed 15 Feb. 2019]. Olson, D. (2014). Information systems project management. Business Expert Press. Omar, E. (2016) Requirements Engineering — Introduction (Part 1). Retrieved from https://medium.com/omarelgabrys- blog/requirements-engineering-introduction-part-1- 6d49001526d3 Omar, E. (2017) Software Engineering — Software Process and Software Process Models (Part 2). Retrieved from https://medium.com/omarelgabrys-blog/software-engineering- software-process-and-software-process-models-part-2- 4a9d06213fdc Sarah, F (2004) Developing a Test Specification Retrieved from https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/saraford/2004/10/28/developi ng-a-test-specification/ Thakur, D. (2019) Requirements Management Process in Software Engineering Retrieved from
  • 25. http://ecomputernotes.com/software- engineering/requirementsmanagementprocess What is Online Banking? definition and meaning. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.investorwords.com/3420/online_banking.html References used in Unit 2: Aljawarneh, S. A. (2017). Emerging Challenges, Security Issues, and Technologies in Online Banking Systems. Online Banking Security Measures and Data Protection (pp. 90-112). IGI Global. Dauda, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2015). Technology adoption: A conjoint analysis of consumers‫׳‬ preference in future online banking services. Information Systems, 53, 1-15 . Highsmith, J. (2014). Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison- Wesley. Hussain Chandio, F., Irani, Z., Zeki, A. M., Shah, A., & Shah, S. C. (2017). Online Banking Information Systems Acceptance: An Empirical Examination of System Characteristics and Web Security. Krishnan, M. S. (2015). Software development risk aspects and success frequency on spiral and agile model. International Journal of Innovative research in computer and communication Engineering, (3), Olson, D. (2014). Information systems project management. Business Expert Press.
  • 26. Montazemi, A. R., & Qahri-Saremi, H. (2015). Factors affecting the adoption of online banking: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling study. Information & Management, 52(2), 210-226. Systems Engineering Verification Process. (2018). Retrieved from http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/careerfields/verification-process Wilke, G., & Portmann, E. (2016). Granular computing as a basis of human–data interaction: a cognitive city use case. Granular Computing, 1(3), 181-197.