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Application Topics The APPLICATION PROJECT OPTIONS from which yo.docx
- 1. Application Topics The APPLICATION PROJECT OPTIONS from which you may choose are: 1. Prenatal Development Design an education course for expectant parents. At the minimum, prepare an outline of all the topics that you would cover in this course and include a description of any activities and resources you would use. 2. Infant Development Observe the motor behavior of an infant (0-3 years) over three (3) periods of at least 30 minutes. You may interact with the infant during this time. Record your detailed, objective observations, then write out your evaluation of the infant's motor development based on the information presented in this course. 3. Preschool Development Observe the language behavior of a preschool child (3-6 years) over three (3) periods of at least 30 minutes. You may interact with the child during this time. Record your detailed, objective observations, then write out your evaluation of the child's language development based on the information presented in this course. 4. Middle Childhood Development Observe the play behavior of a middle-years child (6-12 years) over three (3) periods of at least 30 minutes. Do not interact with the child during this time. Try to make your presence as inconspicuous as possible. You may want to go to a park or playground. Record your detailed, objective observations then write out your evaluation of the child's play/social development based on the information presented in this course. 5. Adolescent Development
- 2. Make up at least ten (10) open-ended questions and ask them of a minimum of 5 adolescents. The questions could concern school, sex, food, use of time, occupation, plans for the future, etc. Record their answers as best you can and then write out your evaluation of the adolescents' identity formation based on the information presented in this course. 6. Adult Development Write your autobiography from your earliest memories to your present stage of adult development. The focus of this paper should be on the determinants of your present personality. Using Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, state how you think you resolved each of the crises of development (for early stages, you may have to ask others or draw conclusions based on your present personality). Give specific examples from your life story to support your conclusions. 7. Aging Make up at least ten open-ended questions and ask them of a minimum of 5 individuals over the age of 65. Among the questions that you should ask them are, "What would you do differently if you had your life to live over again?" and "What advice would you give a person of my age on how to live a meaningful life?" Write your questions and the answers received in your paper and include any conclusions you would make about aging. 8. Death and Dying Design a death education course that would help you deal with your own death or the death of a loved one. Prepare an outline of all of the topics you would cover in this course, and include a description of any activities and resources you would use. Relational Development and Deterioration
- 3. Youtube Video: Knapps Relationship Development Model: Rich Dimock This video is about ten minutes. Please watch it, and try to identify a behavior in the video representing each stage in the development and deterioration of a relationship. If you want to make a list one example per phase and turn it in on Wednesday, I will provide extra credit! We will discuss your examples at the beginning of the class next Wednesday! Initiation Experimentation Intensification Integration Bonding Knapp Phases of Relational Development Social behavior results from an exchange process People weight benefits and risks of relationship When risks outweigh benefits individuals will terminate or abandon relationships. Homans: Social Exchange Theory Analytical Exercise
- 4. What could be a risk in a relationship( Identify two or three)? What could constitute a benefit in a relationship (Again identify two or three)? What would be an example of risks outweighing benefits? Biographical data Preference in clothes food and music Goals aspirations Religious convictions Deeply held fears and fantasies Concepts of self Altman and Taylor: Social Penetration Theory Analytical Exercise Historical Premise – the expansion of topical breadth and depth as a relationship develops over time. What topics would cause tension or strain, or might even be considered inappropriate self disclosure during the early stages of relationship development? What topics would provide the space and time to think about the other? Further Discussion Differentiating - dissimilarities
- 5. Circumscribing – quantity and quality of Exchange Stagnation – stuck in a rut or trapped Avoidance - exist separately Termination – end their connection Knapp Phases of Relational Deterioration Analytical Exercise Think about each of the stages of relational deterioration and strategies that could possibly be used to reverse the process of deterioration? Often couples will be almost in a state of disbelief – asking themselves – how did this happen to us? What kinds of issues might necessitate more sensitivity as a relationship develops that could potentially reduce the likelihood of negative momentum in the wrong direction? Professor Don martin Introduction to Human Communication
- 6. Definition of Communication Dynamic Symbolic Transactional Irreversible Process Models of Communication Componential Models of Communication Developmental Models of Communication
- 7. Relationships – Knapp – 1984 Groups – tuckman – 1965 Organizations - Jablin - 1984 Developmental Models Relationships Initiation
- 9. Self Concept: Introduction The Self Concept and Interpersonal Communication Self Concept and Social Interaction The Self and Communication The Self Concept How one views oneself? How does the self concept form? How does the self concept change?
- 10. Positive and Negative Self Concepts Self Esteem Levels Attitudes toward Self Let’s create a report card Identify some positive and negative attitudes that you have toward yourself Attempt to connect the attitude to a person that has provided you with feedback Exercise
- 11. Interpersonal Relationships Self Esteem and Interpersonal Communication Impact on your relationships String of successes Receiving a lot of praise from family members and others Positive attitudes toward your personal knowledge,
- 12. competencies and skills. High Self Esteem String of Failures Receiving a lot of criticism from others Negative attitudes toward your personal knowledge competencies and skills. Low Self Esteem
- 13. Identify someone who you believe has low self esteem because of an overly critical parent, teacher or friend. Identify someone who you believe to believe is clinging to outdated information about themselves. Exercise
- 14. How do we behave when our self Concept is criticized or challenged? “You need to practice your tennis!” “You need to get out more!” “you weren’t very nice to your friend!” We display defensive patterns of behavior. Defensiveness Defense Mechanisms Denial Verbal Aggression Regression Compensation Displacement Undoing Disassociation Repression (Uncons.) Projection Rationalization
- 15. Gibb’s Categories Evaluation vs. Description Control vs. Problem Orientation Strategy vs. Spontaneity Neutrality vs. Empathy Superiority vs. Equality Certainty vs. Provisionalism 18 Pick three of these categories Write examples of the comments that would suggest each descriptor Exercise
- 16. Self and Other Self Directed Thinking Other Directed Thinking Codirected thinking Self Disclosure Too much Too little Just Right
- 17. Sensory Stimulation Sensory Organization Sensory interpretation Perception Stimulation – you see, hear or smell something. Selective
- 18. attention – tune into the fulfilling or enjoyable. Exposure – connect with people Organization – you group people who are similar, dissimilar, categorize things, good bad, intelligent, unintelligent Interpretation – attach subjective evaluations to what you are hearing. Often influenced by conditions around you or how you are feeling physically. 22
- 19. Internal Attributions External Attributions Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958)
- 20. Self serving bias Fundamental Attribution error Attribution Errors
- 21. Self serving – take credit for positive – deny responsibility for negative Fundamental – people do things because that’s the way that they are 27 Self Serving Bias Definition of the Self-Serving Bias The self-serving bias is people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors. Example Positive event - You get an A for an essay and you attribute it to your own awesomeness! (internal attribution) Negative event - You get a C on an essay and you attribute it to your professor not having explained what they wanted well enough. (external attribution 28
- 22. Fundamental Attribution Error Place undue emphasis on internal attributes when explaining someone else’s behavior (Values) Ignore Situational or Contextual Attributes Primacy recency (Asch (1946) Consistency (Heider, 1946) Stereotyping (davito, 1998) Perception Processes
- 23. Primacy recency 30 CREATED BY SOURCE AND RECEIVER Meanings are WITHIN PEOPLE MORE THAN WORDS AND GESTURES Verbal Messages Connotative Denotative
- 24. Connotation/denotation Exercise Meaning Denote – dictionary shared meaning Connote – personal and subjective association 32 Whorf Sapir Hypothesis A theory developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf that states that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken.
- 25. Whorf Sapir Hypothesis What is an example of Sapir Whorf hypothesis? The term culture refers to the beliefs, norms, and values exhibited by a society. An example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is how sexist language influences the way in which our society views men and women. For instance, we use words like 'fireman,' 'policeman,' and 'male nurse.' Discussion Male nurse – suggest nursing is a career dominated by women which is untrue and sexist. Sexist – suggesting men shouldn’t be nurses Same argument – policemen, firemen… Language shaping male vs. female professional stereotypes. Rhetoric of social movements – Me Too Silent Protest of Federal Works
- 26. Culture and Context Meaning can be culture bound Meaning can be context bound Culture Bound Language Chuffed-pleased Mate-friend
- 27. Knackered-tired Ledge-legend Bants-banter Sherbets-beer fiz Cheeky-rude Trollied-drunk Cuppa-cup of Narky-moody Bum-rear end Bloody-damn Cracking-excellenT Arsed-can’t Be botherED British Words for Casual Use Arsed can’t be bothered chuffed – happy Gaggin – desperately need cheeky – rude or irritating Ledge – legend sherbets – few beers Narky – bad tempered trollied – drunk 38 Context Bound Language
- 28. Medical terminology used in healthcare settings. Language used in teaching either Math or Computer Sciences course. Theoretical Concepts or Jargon unique to a particular context. Biased Language Race Ethnicity Nationality Religion Politically Incorrect Bum Crazy Fat Ghetto
- 30. Communication Channels Snap Chat Instagram Email Phone Skype Channel Suitability and Channel Size Nonverbal Communication
- 31. Emblems Illustrators – Next Slide Affect displays – Emotions Handout Regulators adaptors Physical Movements
- 32. Batons Ideographs Kinetographs Pictographs Spatial movements Deictic Illustrators Individual Treatment of Time Individual Patterns of Time Related Behavior Value judgments Associated with Treatment of Time Time
- 33. Intimate 0-18 inches Personal 18-48 inches Social 48-12 feet Public 12- 25 feet Space: Edward Hall
- 34. Giving advice Asking favors Emphasizing a point When socializing Heightened emotionality Tactile Communication Tactile and Spatial Violations
- 35. Mehrabian: Interpreting Nonverbal Cues Immediacy – liking pleasure closeness Arousal – excitement and interest Dominance – status, position, power Paralanguage Voice Quality Special Vocalizations
- 36. Voice Qualifiers Vocal Segregates Qualities: resonance , articulation Characteristics: moaning, groaning, laughing crying, Qualifiers: volume pitch rate…. 52 Turn yielding cues Suppression of Speaking Cues Back Channel Cues Turn Requesting Cues Duncan: Turn Taking
- 37. Communication and Culture Notes Culture Shared Values Influence how you think and act Influence how you evaluate and judge others Function of values Behaviors that seem normal from our cultural perspective Behaviors that seem strange or wrong from our perspective Culture and Rules Cultural rules are taken for granted Rules become imprinted on us from an early age Values and Rules are ingrained subconsciously Autonomy Independence
- 38. Success Competition Self Determination Cultural Differences: Three Generalizations Cultures are either high context or low context Cultures are either sequential or synchronic Cultures are either affective or neutral Low Context Cultures Industrialized societies – United States, Canada, UK and Germany emphasize written messages Heavily reliant upon technological communication channels Low context cultures expect messages to be explicit and
- 39. specific High Context Cultures Japan – has access to latest technology but prefers face to face communication Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American Indian Leave much of the message unspecified. Sequential North American, German Swedish, and Dutch Pay close attention to each agenda item, issue or concern at a
- 40. time – proceed logically Linear progression reflected in communication Bank Teller waits on one person at a time until a transaction is finished Synchronic South America, Southern Europe and Asia Time flows in somewhat of a circular manner Past, present and future are interrelated Bank teller waits on one person, talks with his manager, and socializes with another customer simultaneously
- 41. High Affect Cultures : Normative Patterns Laughing Crying Scowling Grimacing High Affect Cultures Italy France United States Singapore Low Affect Cultures Japan
- 42. Indonesia UK Norway Netherlands Listening Poor Listening Listening without a critical intention Good Listening Listening with empathy Empathy – placing yourself in the position of the other Messages
- 43. Content Dimension of Message Structure Intent Dimension of Message Structure “It’s raining outside!” Steps to Listening Actively Get ready to listening Make the shift from speaker to listener a complete one. Listen actively Withhold evaluation as a listener OARS MODEL O Open Ended Questions A Acceptance Cues R Restatement Techniques S Silence
- 44. Types of Non listening (Try to think of examples of friends who enact these problematic patterns of behavior.) Pseudo – listening Stage Hogging Selective Listening - things you are interested in Insulated Listening – ignore unpleasant subjects Defensive Listening Ambushing Insensitive Listening – Content Only Questioning – either clarification or control Supportive – both positive and negative Theoretical transitions Relationships – Groups
- 45. Knapp’s Phases of Relational deterioration Social exchange Theory Social penetration theory Managing Relationships
- 46. Differentiating - dissimilarities Circumscribing – quantity and quality of Exchange Stagnation – stuck in a rut or trapped Avoidance - exist separately Termination – end their connection Knapp Phases of Relational Deterioration
- 47. Social behavior results from an exchange process People weight benefits and risks of relationship When risks outweigh benefits individuals will terminate or abandon relationships. Homans: Social Exchange Theory
- 48. Biographical data Preference in clothes food and music Goals aspirations Religious convictions Deeply held fears and fantasies Concepts of self Altman and Taylor: Social Penetration Theory Applications Within Relationships and Workgroups