This presentation is overview about the 2 month summer training in "embedded system and robotics".

1. PowerPoint presentation
on
Six week summer training based on
Embedded system and robotics
Submitted to:- School of Electronic and electronics
Lovely professional university
Submitted by:-
Name: - Arpit
registration no: -11106840
Section: - E1105

2. ORGANISATION OVERVIEW
• Hewlett-Packard company(Hp),founded by bill Hewlett, and Dave Packard on February11,1947.
• Hp provide products, technologies, software, solution and services.
• It’s headquarter is in Palo, alto, California, U.S.A. and in India it’s head office is in Bengaluru.
• Training was at Hp nodal training centre, Chandigarh under the north zone office situated at Gurgaon,
Haryana, India.
• Hp is known for its electrical and electronic products like, printers from Hp image and printing group.
• The core ideology of the group is “Deep respect for the individual, and focus on high level of achievement
and contribution”.
• Mr Akash Bhargava who is a trainer of embedded system and robotics at Hp my external guide during
training period.

3. TECHNOLOGY LEARNT
Embedded system
• Embedded system is a scaled down computer system which is designed to
perform one or a few dedicated operations.
• We can say that it is a hardware which has its own software and designed
for some particular task.
• Once an embedded system is programmed for a certain task, it is not
possible to change the firmware afterward.
• HW-SW systems in embedded system
- Software is used for more features and flexibility.
- Hardware are used for performance and security.

4. ROBOTICS
• Robotics is the science of designing and building robots suitable for real‐life applications
• The word “ROBOT” is derived from the word ROBOTA which means 'compulsory labour’.
• Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics:.
1. First Law - A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm.
2. Second Law - A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would
conflict with the First Law.
3. Third Law A - robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law

5. MICROCONTROLLER
• A Microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary peripherals.
• A Microcontroller has required on‐chip memory with associated peripherals. A microcontroller
can be thought of a microprocessor with inbuilt peripherals.
• They will have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or
other interrupt.
• power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just Nano watts ,
making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications.
• The architecture of modern microcontrollers are derived from two basic architecture- Harvard and
Princeton architecture.
• The microcontroller on which the project is based is AVR ( ATmega16).

6. ATmega16
• AVR (Advanced Virtual Risc) is a Modified Harvard architecture 8‐bit RISC single chip microcontroller
(µC) which was developed by Atmel in 1996. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families
to use on‐chip flash memory for program storage.
• Feature of ATmega16: -
Advanced RISC Architecture
16K Bytes of In‐System Self‐Programmable Flash
 512 Bytes EEPROM, 1K Byte Internal SRAM and 32 Programmable I/O Lines
In‐System Programming by On‐chip Boot Program and 8‐channel, 10‐bit ADC
Two 8‐bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Modes
One 16‐bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
 Four PWM Channels Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On‐chip Oscillator with External and Internal Interrupt
Sources

7. PROJECT DETAIL
Computer controlled robot
• Major aspect of this project is to explain the communication protocol and hardware used for the
communication with Atmega16.
• AVR has USART for serial communication.
• It’s follow RS-232 communication protocol, the protocol is such that it automatically synchronize
itself.
• In RS-232 a voltage of logic”1”(mark) is between -3v dc to -15v dc, while the logic”0”(space) is
between +3v dc to +15v dc. Thus to interface a RS232 with the MCU we need to use an IC MAX232
:
Device 1 Device 2
rx
TX
TX
rx

8. Connection of max 232 PC DB9 MALE CONNECTOR

9. USART
• The data to be transmitted is written to one of the register of USART and USART transmits it.
• USART automatically senses the transmission of RX line and then inputs the whole Byte and when
it has the byte it informs the CPU to read the data from one of its registers.
• The UART of the AVR is Connected to the CPU by the
following Six Registers
• The UART of AVR is versatile and can be setup for
various different mode as required by your application

10. • In the code vision Avr we need not to fill the value of the register but if we are
writing the code in the Avr gcc we have specify the value of the registers.
• We have to set values of UCSRA, UCSRB, UCSRC and USART baud rate
registers and they are UBRRH and UBRRL.
• The UBRR value is calculated according to following formula.
• Where fosc is frequency of the CPU.
• UBRR can hold only integer value. So it is better to use the baud rates that give
UBRR value that is purely integer or very close to integer. So if UBRR value
comes to be 7.68 and you decide to use UBRR=8 then it has high error percentage,
and communication is unreliable

11. • L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers
since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current
signal is used to drive the motors.
• The motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs provided across the input pins as LOGIC 0
or LOGIC 1.
• Lets consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3,6). For
rotating the motor in clockwise direction the input pins has to be provided
with Logic 1 and Logic 0
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Idle [No rotation][Hi-Impedance state]
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Idle [No rotation]
L293D

12. SOFTWARE
• Code Vision AVR (CVAVR)

13. • Setting USART in CV Avr

14. USB PROGRAMMER
• USB OR STK 600 is used as USB in‐circuit programmer for Atmel AVR controllers to burn the
program in the microcontroller.

15. • Docklight is communicating software to communicate in between Avr kit and
computer.
We have to select the com no .and baud rate in the project setting ,it provide us a
terminal between keyboard of computer and microcontroller.

16. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
• When we write the already defined word on the dock light software the robot will
move accordingly.
• f = forward direction
• r = right direction
• l = left direction
• b = backward direction
• s = stop
• The communication between the microcontroller and robot is implemented with the
help of USART and RS-232 communication protocol of atmega16.By this we learnt
about the use of embedded system and robotics and learnt to use microcontroller in
the real time application.

17. REFERENCES
• 1- Embedded system and robotics-basic/student version-1 by saurav
• sankule-hp India sales Pvt. Ltd
• 2- AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Muhammad ali maizdi
• 3- www.avrprojects.com/atmega16
• 4- www.engineersgarage.com/atmega16
• 5- www.sodoityourself.com
• 6- Video book by Hp India sales Pvt. ltd
• 7- Data sheet of atmega16 ,l293d and max232

18. THANK YOU