Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.

1. DNA Sequencing

2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid )
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
a molecule that encodes the
genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all
known living organisms and
many viruses.
DNA is a nucleic acid;
alongside proteins and carbohydrates,
nucleic acids compose the three
major macromolecules essential for all
known forms of life.
Two Strands
Double Helix

3. DNA Sequencing
 DNA sequencing is the process of determining the
precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
It includes any method or technology that is used to
determine the order of the four bases—adenine,
guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a strand of DNA.
 The first DNA sequences were obtained in the early
1970s by academic researchers using laborious
methods based on two-dimensional
chromatography.

4. Basic Methods
Maxam-Gilbert sequencing
Chain-termination methods
(Sanger sequencing)

5. Sanger sequencing
Sanger sequencing is a DNA sequencing
method in which target DNA is denatured and
annealed to an oligonucleotide primer, which
is then extended by DNA polymerase using a
mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates
(normal dNTPs) and chain-terminating
dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs).

6. Sanger sequencing
Developed by Frederick Sanger and
colleagues in 1977.
It was the most widely used sequencing
method for approximately 25 years.

7. DNA Sequencing (Video)
Video Link : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ldtdWjDwes

8. Sanger Sequencing (Complete Process)
Video Link : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK-HlMaitnE

12. PROCESS

13. Triphosphates
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate
CTP - Cytidine triphosphate
TTP - Thiamine triphosphate
GTP - Guanosine triphosphate

14. RESULT
Negative End
Positive End

15. Need For Sequencing
Evolutionary biology
DNA fingerprinting
Detect the presence of known genes for
medical purposes (see genetic testing)
Forensic identification
Parental testing
Detecting mutations

16. Applications of DNA Sequencing
Forensics
Identify individuals
Determine the paternity of a child
Identifies endangered and protected species
Medicine
Detect genes that are hereditary or cause diseases
Agriculture
Map the genome of microorganisms

17. Future of DNA Sequencing
Projects might focus on researching:
The links to develop lifestyle
Genomic and cardiovascular disease
Early detections of cancer.