hydro power - Introduction, power house (turbines & generator)

1. HYDROELECTRIC PLANT TOPIC -POWER HOUSE
PRESENTED BY,
A.ARUL LAWRANCE
M.TECH(RE)

2. HYDRO POWER
•A hydroelectric power station converts the kinetic, or movement, energy in flowing or falling water into electrical energy.
•Turbines and generators are helpful for extract energy from moving water.

3. HYDRO POWER PLANT

4. HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

5. PARTS OF A HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
•DAM:
Raisesthewaterleveloftherivertocreatefallingwater.Alsocontrolstheflowofwater.
•TURBINE:
Theforceoffallingwaterpushingagainsttheturbine'sbladescausestheturbinetospin.
Awaterturbineismuchlikeawindmill.
Theturbineconvertsthekineticenergyoffallingwaterintomechanicalenergy.

6. •GENERATOR:
Connectedtotheturbinebyshaftsandpossiblygearssowhentheturbinespinsitcausesthegeneratortospinalso. Convertsthemechanicalenergyfromtheturbineintoelectricenergy.
•TRANSMISSIONLINES:
Conductandtransmittselectricityfromthehydropowerplanttohomesandbusiness.

7. TURBINE
•Hydraulicturbinesarethemachineswhichconverttheenergyofflowingwaterintomechanicalenergy.
•Themechanicalenergydevelopedbyaturbineisusedtorunanelectricgeneratorwhichisdirectlycoupledtotheshaftoftheturbine.

8. TURBINE TYPES
•PeltonTurbine
•FrancisReactionTurbine
•PropellerandKaplanTurbines

9. HYDRAULIC TURBINE MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEVERAL CONSIDERATIONS AS FOLLOWS:
•Actionofthewaterflowing.
•Directionofflowofwater.
•Theheadandquantityofwaterrequired.
•Thespecificspeed.

10. ACCORDING TO THE ACTION OF THE WATER FLOWING
•Impulse turbine
•Reaction turbine

11. IMPULSE TURBINE :
Alltheavailableenergybywaterisconvertedintokineticenergybypassingthroughanozzle.Thehighvelocityjetcomingoutofthenozzlethenimpingesonaseriesofbucketsfixedaroundtherimofawheel.
Example:
Peltonwheel
REACTION TURBINE :
Therunnerutilizesbothpotentialandkineticenergies.Thepotentialenergyistransformedintokineticenergybeforethefluidenterstheturbinerunner.
Example:
Francisturbine,Kaplanturbine

12. ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF WATER
•Tangentialflowturbine
•Radialflowturbine
•Axialflowturbine
•Mixedflowturbine

13. •TANGENTIALFLOWTURBINE
Waterflowsalongthetangenttothepathoftherunner.
Example:
Peltonwheel
•RADIALFLOWTURBINE
Waterflowsalongtheradialdirectionandmainlyintheplanetotheaxisofrotation,asitpassesthroughtherunner.Itmaybeeitherinwardfloworoutwardradialflowtype.

14. •AXIALFLOWTURBINE
Waterflowsparalleltotheaxisoftheturbineshaft.
Example:
PropellerandKaplanTurbines
•MIXED FLOW TURBINE
Waterentersthebladesradiallyandcomesoutaxially, paralleltotheturbineshaft.
Example:
Modernfrancisturbine

15. ACCORDING TO THE HEAD AND QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED.
•Highheadturbine(above200m)
Example:Peltonwheel
•Mediumheadturbine(60mto200m)
Example:ModernFrancisturbine
•Lowheadturbine(lessthan60m)
Example:Kaplanturbine

16. ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFIC SPEED
•Low specific speed (10 to 35rpm)
Example : Peltonwheel
•Medium specific speed (60 to 400rpm)
Example : Francis turbine
•High specific speed (300 to 1000rpm)
Example : Kaplan turbine

17. PELTON WHEEL

18. MAJOR PARTS OF PELTON WHEEL
Spear and nozzle.
Runner with buckets.
Outer casing.
Brake nozzle.

19. SPEAR AND NOZZLE
Toregulatethewaterflowthroughthenozzle.
Anadjustablespearisforgoodjetofwaterandhelpstochangenozzleflowpassage.
Nozzlewhichconvertshydraulicenergyintokineticenergy.
Presentatthedownstreamendofthepenstock.

20. RUNNER WITH BUCKETS
Runnerconsistsofthecirculardiscanditismountedonahorizontal/verticalshaft.
Evenlyspacedbucketshaveashapeofdoublesemi-ellipticalridgeknownassplitter.

21. BREAK NOZZLE
Tostoptherunnerinashorttime.
Smallnozzledirectsajetofwateronthebackofbuckets.

22. OUTER CASING
Usedtopreventsplacingofwateranddischargingwatertotailrace.

23. COMPARISION OF PELTON WHEEL WITH OTHER TURBINE
Thenumberofnozzlescanbeincreasedordecreasedaccordingtothequantityofwateravailable.
PresenceofdrafttubeinKaplanandFrancisturbines,wherethevacuumiscreatedtoformtheeffectivehead.
PeltonwheeloperatesinatmosphericpressuresothereisnodrafttubeinPeltonwheel.

24. LIMITATIONS
Peltonwheelsarenotusedatthelowerhead(below200m).
Becauserotationalspeedbecomeveryslowandtherunnerrequiredfaster.
Headfromtheheightofthejetisbeingwasted.

25. FRANCIS TURBINE

26. COMPONENTS OF FRANCIS TURBINE
•Penstock
•Spiral Casing
•Guide Vanes (or) stay vanes
•Runner Blades
•Draft tube

27. •PENSTOCK
Itisalargesizedconduitwhichconveyswaterfromtheupstreamofthedamtotheturbinerunner.PenstockrequiredforFrancisturbineislargerthanthatofPeltonwheel.
•SPIRALCASINGItaround the runner of the turbine is known as volute casing. The purpose of casing is to provide an even distribution of water around the circumference of the turbine runner maintaining the approximately constant velocity for the water distributed.

28. •GUIDE VANESThe function of the guide or stay vanes is to convert the pressure energy of the fluid into the momentum energy. The guide vanes are operated either by means of a wheel (or) automatically by a governor.
RUNNER BLADESWater enter radiallyand leaves axially. The runner is connected to generator so electricity is produced.

29. DRAFT TUBE
Thewaterisdischargedtothetailracethroughagraduallyexpandingtubeiscalledthedrafttube.
Francisturbineisalwayssuitableforstraightdivergenttube.

30. COMPARISION OF PELTON WHEEL AND FRANCIS TURBINE
•ThepartsofaPeltonwheelaremoreeasilyaccessibleandiseasiertorepairthem.
•ForthesameheadtherunningspeedofFrancisturbineismorethanPeltonwheel.Thisreducescostofgeneratorsanddimensionsofunit.

31. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KAPLAN AND FRANCIS TURBINE
Francis turbine is medium specific speed but Kaplan turbine is high specific speed.
Francis turbine is mixed flow reaction turbine but Kaplan is only axial flow reaction turbine.
Kaplan turbines have adjustable blades but Francis turbine is not adjustable.

32. KAPLAN TURBINE

33. MAJOR PARTS OF A KAPLAN TURBINE

34. PARTS OF KAPLAN TURBINE
•Scroll casing
•Guide vanes mechanism
•Runner of turbine
•Draft tube

35. •SCROLL CASING:
Thewaterfrompenstockentersscrollcasingandsurroundstherunner.Itprovidesanevendistributionofwateraroundthecircumferenceoftheturbinerunnermaintainingtheconstantvelocityforthewaterdistributed.
•STAY RING:
The function of stay ring is to direct the water from scroll casing to guide vanes.
•GUIDE VANES:
Theguidevanesdirectthewateratanappropriateangleandregulatesthequantityofwatersuppliedtotherunner.
•RUNNER BLADES:
Thebladesareattachedtothehubandsoshapedthatwaterflowsaxiallythroughtherunner

36. DRAFT TUBE:
•ADrafttubeconnectstherunnerexittotailrace.
•Itisapipeofgraduallyincreasingareausedfordischargingwaterfromexitofturbinetotailrace.
•Byusingdrafttube,thekineticenergyrejectedattheoutletofturbineisconvertedtousefulpressureenergy.
•Theturbinemaybeplacedabovethetailraceandhenceitcanbeinspectedproperly.

37. OPERATION OF KAPLAN TURBINE
•Thewaterfromthepenstocksentersthescrollcasingandthenmovestotheguidevanes.
•Fromtheguidevanes,thewaterturnsthrough90°andflowsaxiallythroughtherunner.
•Theshaftoftheturbineisvertical.ThelowerendoftheshaftismadelargerandiscalledHub.
•ThevanesarefixedonthehubandhenceHubactsasrunnerforaxialflowturbine.

38. COMPARISON WITH OTHER TURBINES
•AnotherdifferenceisthatinPeltonturbinenodrafttubeisusedwhereasinFrancisandKaplanturbinedrafttubeisused.
•InPeltonturbinethepressureenergyisconvertedintokineticenergycompletelyandisfullyutilizedhencethereisnoneedofdrafttube.
•Inreactionturbine,unutilizedkineticenergyisavailableattheoutletofturbinehencetoutilizethatkineticenergyinthewateradrafttubeisused.

39. PROPELLER TURBINE

40. PROPELLER TURBINE
•Designedtoworkfullysubmerged,itissimilarinformtoaship'spropellerandisthemostsuitabledesignforlowheadwatersourceswithahighflowratesuchasthoseinslowrunningrivers.
•Designsareoptimizedforaparticularflowrateandefficienciesdropofrapidlyiftheflowratefallsbelowthedesignrating.
•TheKaplanversionhasvariablepitchvanestoenableittoworkefficientlyoverarangeofflowrates.

41. POWERHOUSE
•Turbineroom
•Generator
•Serviceareas

42. GENERATOR

43. GENERATOR
•Thegeneratorconvertstherotationalpowerfromtheturbineshaftintoelectricalpower.
•DCgeneratorscanbeusedwithverysmallsystems,buttypicallyareaugmentedwithbatteriesandinvertersforconvertingthepowerintotheACpowerrequiredbymostappliances.
•ACgeneratorsarenormallyusedinallbutthesmallestsystems.
•ACvoltageisalsoeasilychangedusingtransformers,whichmakesitrelativelysimpletodriveothertypesofdevices.
•OnecriticalaspectofACpowerisfrequency,typicallymeasuredascyclespersecond(cps)orHertz(Hz).
•Themajorgridsthatinterconnectlargepowergeneratingstations.

44. SERVICE AREA
•Offices
•Control and testing rooms
•Storage rooms
•Maintenance shop
•Auxiliary equipment rooms

45. SYSTEM CONTROL
•GovernorsandControls
•ElectronicLoadGovernors
•LoadManagementSystems
•EmergencySystemShutdown
•UtilityGridInterfaceControls

46. GOVERNORS AND CONTROLS
•Itshelpensurethatthegeneratorconstantlyspinsatitscorrectspeed.
•Toillustrate,considerahydrosystemwithoutagovernor,itcausesthegeneratortoworkharder.
•Aslongasyoumaintainthis“perfect”loadisknownasDesignLoad,poweroutputwillbecorrect.

47. ELECTRONIC LOAD GOVERNORS
•Itworksbyautomaticallyadjustingtheload.
•Itishighlyeffectiveforsmallsystemsuptoabout12kW.

48. LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
•Anenhancedversionoftheelectronicloadgovernor,offeringnotonlytheabilitytoregulatepowerusage.
•Smallloadadjustmentsworkjustliketheelectronicgovernor; thevariableelectronicswitchregulatespowertotheballastloads.

49. EMERGENCY SYSTEM SHUTDOWN
•Itisanoptionthatprotectsthesystemfromoverspeed,whichmaydamagethegenerator.
•Itusuallymeansremovingallwaterpowerfromturbine.
•Emergencyshutdownofimpulseturbines,suchasPeltonwheel,canbeveryfastbecausethewaterjetcansimplybedeflectedawayfromtheturbine.Sincethewaterflowdoesn’tchange,therearenodamagingsurges.

50. UTILITY GRID INTERFACE CONTROLS

51. UTILITY GRID INTERFACE CONTROLS
•Thegridinterconnectsverylarge,publicutilitypowergenerationsystems.
•Theywillmonitorthegridandensuresystemisgeneratingcompatiblevoltage,frequency,andphase.
•Automaticdisconnectioniscriticaltothesafetyofallparties.
•Turbinemanufacturercangiveyouguidanceonthemostefficientdesign,aswellasgridinterconnectioncontrolsandsafeguards.

52. THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY, A.ARUL LAWRANCEM.TECH(RE)