Presentation on Experimental Research with animation

1. DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY
TUTORIAL ON
“EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH”
Presented by: (GROUP: 3)
06 : Arup Bordoloi
17 : Joyshree Borah
36 : Nikhil Modi
48 : Rabby Ullah
55 : Sandeep Das
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION – 2nd SEMESTER

2. An experiment is generally used to infer a causality
where a researcher actively manipulates one or more
causal variables and measures their effects on the
dependent variables of interest.
What is an Experiment?

3. It is a collection of research designs which use
manipulation and controlled testing to understand
causal processes. Generally, one or more variables
are manipulated to determine their effect on a
dependent variable.
What is an Experimental Research?

4. In simple terms Causality means the cause and effect
relationship. The cause and effect relationship often
tends to be probabilistic in nature as the changes in
the dependent variable may be caused by a number of
other variables.
Concept of causality

5.  Concomitant variation
 Time order of occurrence of variables
 Absence of other possible causal factors
Necessary Conditions for making Causal
Inferences

6. CONCEPTS USED IN EXPERIMENTS
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
• DEPENDENT VARIABLES
• EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

7. VALIDITY IN EXPERIMENTATION
1. INTERNAL VALIDITY
2. EXTERNAL VALIDITY

8. FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL VALIDITY
• MATURATION
• TESTING
• INSTRUMENTATION
• SELECTION BIAS
• TEST UNIT MORTALITY

9. FACTORS AFFECTING EXTERNAL VALIDITY

10. METHODS TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
• RANDOMIZATION
• MATCHING
• STATISTICAL CONTROL

11. AQUARIUM EXPERIMENT
DILEMMA: FISHES ARE HAVING WHITE SPOT DISEASEHYPOTHESIS: USE OF RID-ALL GENERAL AID CAN CURE THE FISHES
EXPERIMENTAL
BOWL
CONTROLLED
BOWL
X : FEW DROPS OF THE MEDICINE ARE ADDED IN THE EXPERIMENTAL BOWLNO MEDICINE IS ADDED IN CONTROLLED BOWL
THEN TWO FISHES FROM THE AQUARIUM ARE PUT INTO THE TWO BOWLS
AFTER APPROX. 24 HOURS
O1 : FISH FROM EXPERIMENTAL BOWL BECAME FREE OF WHITE SPOTSO2: FISH FROM CONTROLLED BOWL IS STILL HAVING WHITE SPOTS

12. EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STATISTICALTRUE - EXPERIMENTALQUASSI -
EXPERIMENTAL
STATIC GROUP
ONE GROUP PRE
TEST- POST TEST
ONE-SHOT CASE
STUDY
TIME SERIES
MULTIPLE TIME
SERIES
SOLOMON FOUR
GROUP
POST TEST ONLY
CONTROL GROUP
PRE- TEST- POST
TEST CONTROL
GROUP
COMPLETELY
RANDOMIZED
RANDOMIZED
BLOCKS
LATIN SQUARE
FACTORIAL

13. PRE- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Do not use any randomization procedure
Cannot control extraneous variables
 Internal validity is highly questionable

14. ONE SHOT CASE STUDY
Symbolic representation:
X O
One Group
 No random assignment

15. ONE GROUP PRE TEST- POST TEST
Symbolic representation:
O1 X O2
One Group
 Not random selection
 Test units are subjected to both pre and post treatment
 Treatment effect : O2 – O1

16. STATIC GROUP
Symbolic representation:
Group 1: X O1
Group 2: O2
 Two Groups
 Not random selection
 Group1 is experimental group, Group 2 is control group
 Treatment effect : O1 – O2

17. QUASSI- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Can Control when measurement are taken and whom
they are taken
 Do not use randomization
 Cannot control extraneous variables

18. TIME SERIES DESIGN
Symbolic representation:
O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8
Not randomization

19. TIME SERIES DESIGN

20. TRUE- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 Uses randomization procedure
Can be able to eliminate extraneous variables both
from experimental and control group

21. PRE- TEST- POST TEST CONTROL GROUP
Symbolic representation:
Experimental group: R O1 X O2
Control group : R O3 O4
Two Groups
 Random selection
 Findings: O2 – O1 = Treatment +extraneous Variable
O4 – O3 = Extraneous Variable
 Cannot find interactive testing effect

22. POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP
Symbolic representation:
Experimental group: R X O1
Control group : R O2
Two Groups
 Random selection
 Findings: O1 – O2 = Treatment effect

23. SOLOMON FOUR GROUP
Symbolic representation:
Experimental group1: R O1 X O2
Control group1 : R O3 O4
Experimental group2: R X O5
Control group2 : R O6
 Can find both effect of treatment and interactive testing effect

24. STATISTICAL DESIGN
Allow for statistical control and analysis of external
variables
 Effect of more than one level of independent variable
on the dependent variable can be manipulated
 The effect of more than one independent variable can
be examined
 Effect of specific extraneous variable can be
controlled

25. COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED
Used when effect of only one independent variable is
considered.
 Independent variable should be measured in nominal
scale i.e. it should have number of categories.
 Each category is considered as treatment
 All test groups are selected at random
 Statistical technique: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
 Limitation: Does not consider extraneous variables

26. Sample shops
Price of goods
Low Medium High
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average

27. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN
Overcomes the limitation of Completely Randomized
block design
 Considers the extraneous variables

28. Sample
shops
Price of goods
Low Medium High
Large
1
2
3
4
5
Medium
1
2
3
4
5
Small
1
2
3
4
5