anemia is define as decrease in Hb concentration below the lower limit of normal value according to the age and sex of the individual is call anemia. anemia can be classify by different ways some are as in this presentation
2. Definition of Anemia
Decrease in Hb concentration below the
lower limit of normal value according to the
age and sex of the individual is know as
anemia
Hgb:
Women: <11.5
Men: < 13.7
Hct:
Women: < 36
Men
3. May be due to:
Erythrocyte loss (bleeding)
Decreased Erythrocyte production
low erythropoietin
Decreased marrow response to erythropoietin
Increased Erythrocyte destruction
(hemolysis
4. Measurements of Anemia
Hemoglobin = grams of hemoglobin per 100 mL of
whole blood (g/dL)
Hematocrit = percent of a sample of whole blood
occupied by intact red blood cells
RBC = millions of red blood cells per microL of whole
blood
MCV = Mean corpuscular volume
If > 96 → Macrocytic anemia
If 76 – 96→ Normocytic anemia
If < 76 → Microcytic anemia
5. Classification of Anemia
Based on
Morphological classification
Severity
Etiological or pathophysiological
classification
14. Anemia due to increase Destruction of Red
Blood Cells
Inherited casues
Hemoglobinopathies
Sickle Cell Anemia
Thalassemia
Hb C disease
Membrane disorders
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary eleptocytosis
Enzyme disorders
G6PD deficiency anemia
Pyruvate kinase deficiency anemia
15. Anemia due to increase Destruction
of Red Blood Cells
Acquire disorder
Immunological disorders
Non immunological disorders
16. Immunological disorders
alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia
HDN
Blood transfusion related hemolytic
anemia
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Warm-antibody mediated
IgG antibody binds to erythrocyte surface
most common
Diagnosed by POSITIVE Coomb’s Test (detectgs IgG or complement on the cell
surgace)
Can be caused drugs
Treated with corticosteroids or splenectomy if refractory
Cold agglutinin Disease
IgM antibodies bind to erythrocyte surface
Does not respond to corticosteroids, but usually mild.
17. Non immunological hemolytic anemia
Mechanical :
March hemolytic anemia
Artificial heart wall
MAHA (Microangiopathic HA)e.g TTP,HUS,DIC
Chemical/Physical, e.g sever burns
Infection : Clostridium tetani, malaria, CMV
Hypersplenism
18. Impaired RBC Production
1. Abnormal bone marrow
Aplastic anemia
Myelophthisis : Myelofibrosis, Leukemia,
Cancer, metastasis ‘
2. Essential factors deficiency
Deficiency anemia : Fe, Vit. B12, Folic acid, etc
3. Stimulation factor deficiency
Anemia in chronic disease
Anemia in hypopituitarism
4. Decrease Erythropoietin production
Anemia of renal failure