1. Human Factors
&
Motivation

2. What is Managing?
Managing requires the creation and
maintenance of an environment in
which individuals work together in
groups toward the accomplishment
of common
objectives

3. Importance of Personal
Dignity
The concept of individual dignity
means that people must be treated
with respect, no matter what their
position in the organization

4. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’
GROUP ‘B’

5. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’
GROUP ‘B’

6. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’
GROUP ‘B’

7. WHAT MAKES THE
DIFFERENCE?

9. WHAT IS
MOTIVATION?

10. What is Motivation?
• Derived from Latin word, ‘movere’,
meaning “to move”.
• Motivation is a general term
applying to the entire class of
drives, desires, needs, wishes, and
similar forces

11. MOTIVATION IS……..
Why
WE
DO SOMETHING AND DON’T
DO OTHERS

12. •SOME THINGS IN LIFE ARE
PURE BLACK AND WHITE.
•MOST THINGS IN LIFE ARE IN
VARIOUS SHADES OF GREY!!

13. MAJOR TYPES OF MOTIVATION THEORIES
• CONTENT THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
• PROCESS THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION

14. CONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
• Views motivation a result if INTERNAL
DRIVES that force an individual to take
ACTION.
• Focuses on INNER FACTORS that boost
and direct behavior.

15. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

16. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory
• Maslow concluded that when one set of needs is
satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator

17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

18. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

19. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: FOOD

20. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: SHELTER

21. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: CLOTHING

22. SECURITY NEED

23. BELONGING NEED

24. ESTEEM NEED

25. SELF ACTUALIZATION NEED

26. MASLOWS HEIRACHY THEORY OF NEEDS
Individuals needs live within a
hierarchy of physiological needs.
Physiological needs are necessity
factors for SURVIVAL.
Lower level needs like security and
physiological needs required to be met
before upper level needs.

27. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

28. Alderfer's ERG Theory
• ERG theory has three categories: existence
needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs

29. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY
Classification into 3 groups.
Existence
Relatedness
Growth
Does not suggest that lower level needs
are to be met COMPLETELY in order for
upper levels to become MOTIVATIONAL.

30. MASLOW TO ALDERFER

31. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

32. Theory X and Theory Y
• Theory X and Theory Y : Assumptions
about the nature of people Example of
Theory X
– Average human beings have an inherent
dislike of work and will avoid it if they can
• Example of Theory Y
– The expenditure of physical effort and mental
effort in work is as natural as play or rest

33. Theory X and Theory Y

34. Herzberg’s Motivation‑Hygiene
Theory
• According to Herzberg, dissatisfiers are
not motivators. They are also called
maintenance, hygiene, or job context
factors
• Satisfiers are motivators – related to job
content

35. HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

36. HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

37. HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

38. The satisfiers and dissatisfiers identified by Herzberg
are similar to the factors suggested by Maslow.

39. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

40. McClelland's Needs Theory of Motivation
• McClelland’s types of
motivating needs are:

41. NEED FOR POWER

42. NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT

43. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
• Aimed at determining how
behavior starts, is directed and
maintained..
• Focuses on human decision process
as an explanation for behavior.

44. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

45. The Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Vroom holds that people will be motivated to do
things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of
that goal and if they can see that what they do will
help them in achieving it

46. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY
Individuals choose work behaviour that
they believe would lead to an OUTCOME
which they VALUE.
Force = Valence x
Expectancy

47. Force = Valence x Expectancy
• Force is the strength of a person's motivation.
• Valence is the strength of an individual's
preference for an outcome.
• Expectancy is the probability that a particular
action will lead to a desired outcome

48. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY
VALENCE= The extent of attractiveness
or unattractiveness of EXPECTED
outcomes
EXPECTANCY= The degree of effort .

49. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

50. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

51. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

52. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

53. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

54. Equity Theory
•
Equity theory refers to an individual's subjective judgments about the fairness
of the reward she or he got, relative to the inputs in comparison with the
rewards of others
•
Outcomes by a person
person
-----------------------------• Inputs by a person
Outcomes by another
=
person
----------------------------Inputs by another

55. EQUITY THEORY

56. EQUITY THEORY

57. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

58. The Porter and Lawler Motivation Model

59. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory
• Positive reinforcement or behavior
modification, holds that individuals can be
motivated by proper design of their work
environment and praise for their performance
and that punishment for poor performance
produces negative results

60. Job enlargement & Job Enrichment
• Job enlargement means enlarging the scope
of the job by adding similar tasks without
enhancing responsibility
• Job enrichment attempts to build into jobs a
higher sense of challenge and achievement

61. THANK YOU