15. PROSPECTIVE/COHORT RETROSPECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY EXPERIMENTAL RETROSPECTIVE - PROSPECTIVE
16. PROSPECTIVE / COHORT STUDY ADVANTAGES: - KNOW INCIDENCE, NATURAL HISTORY - LESS DATA BIAS - KNOW OTHER OUTCOMES DISADVANTAGES: - LARGE NUBER OF SUBJECTS - LONG FOLLOW-UP TIME - EXPENSIVE - DIFFICULT TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS FACTORS - POSSIBLE BIAS IN OUTCOME ASSESSMENT.
17. RETROSPECTIVE / CASE-CONTROL ADVANTAGES: - CAN STUDY THE RARE CONDITIONS - LESS EXPENSIVE, LESS ETHICAL PROBLEMS - NEED LESS SUBJECTS - INFORMATIONS ARE ALREADY AVAILABLE - CAN STUDY MANY EXPOSURES DISADVANTAGES: - CAN NOT ASSESS THE TRUE INCIDENCE - CAN NOT STUDY THE DISEASE MECHANISM - PROBLEM OF SELECTING CONTROL SUBJECTS AND EXTRANEOUS FACTORS.
20. 8.ตามความลึกซึ้งของกระบวนการ 8.1 Exploratory Study a. Literature Survey b. Experience Survey c. Analysis of Insight-Stimulation : New Situation, Marginal, Transitional, Abnormal.
32. ความเที่ยง หรือความแม่นยำ (PRECISION) คือ ความสามารถของการวิจัยที่ได้ผลการศึกษา ไกล้เคียงกับความจริงมากที่สุด ………. X SYSTEMATIC ERROR . .. … . … . ... X RANDOM ERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . … .. . . . . X
33. Steps in Research Practice 1. SELECTION OF TOPICS 2. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL 3. FORMULATION OF THEORY 4. FORMULATION OF VARIABLES 5. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS 6. RESEARCH DESIGN, PROTOCOL
34. Steps in Reasearch Practice 7. POPULATION, SAMPLING 8. INSTRUMENTS, PROCEDURE 9. PILOT STUDY 10. REVISION OF RESEARCH PLAN AND PROTOCOL 11. TESTING, DATA COLLECTION 12. DATA MANAGEMENT