Why is democracy stalled in Myanmar?ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ ရပ္တန္႔ေနသနည္း http://www.newswatch-mm.com/index.php?article_detail&id=261 ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ ရပ္တန္႔ေနသနည္း https://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Why-is-democracy-stalled-in-Myanmar-12813114.php Why is democracy stalled in Myanmar? Vincent R. Johnson, For the Express-News Published 12:00 am, Saturday, April 7, 2018

1. Why is democracy stalled in Myanmar? Vincent R.
Johnson, For the Express-News Published 12:00 am,
Saturday, April 7, 2018
http://www.newswatch-
mm.com/index.php?article_detail&id=261
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္ြစီ နိ မမံနကြုငန္မနပိမနမ႔နနသနည္း
OPINION MAY 12,2018
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ြစငငနုပ္ငနိုနသနည္း ာရုမနသနည္း္ငံနြတႏိုငနငႏိုငံနနသနည္းစိုမာံနကြိစမမန ငနသနည္းစိုမမႏိုင
ိစမမန ငနသနည္းစိုမမႏိုငြုႏိုပ္န မနိငနသနည္းုမနြစိ္င စေမ္ုႏို င္နသနည္းြကင္နနသနည္းု႔နျင
ကင္နနသနည္းု႔နျင႔နက န႔နကြစိ နစိ္နစ ံနကစိုမြိငပမမန ငနသနည္းိမန႔န္ြံန႔နြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ

2. ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္္႔နိ မမန္ာုငန္မနပိမုန႔နကြစညႏိုမစိ
စညႏိုမစိ မမံနနသနည္းုံနနသနည္း္ုငနျ ကနန႔န္ြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္င္္ႏိုငမိုက္စမေနသနည္းစိျငမံနနသနည္း္ငံနြစုမနုင္ပမနသနည္း
စုမနုင္ပမနသနည္း၊ြကႏိုမနိုခ္ာ္ပမနသနည္းုႏိုိမိနမနိ႔နနသနည္းြစမနသနည္း္မနကုမြစိျုစိမစုပ္ႏို ာံနကြန္ံနနသနည္းိမမံန
န္ံနနသနည္းိမမံနနသနည္းစုပ္ႏို ုႏိုိမိ မမံနနသနည္းြိ မံနနသနည္းငနသနည္းုံနမြနငနသနည္းနငနန႔န္
မႏိုငီ န ံႏို္နနသနည္းုပ္နနသနည္းိုနသနည္း ငုံနြိငခိစမံန မနနသနည္းကင မ႔နန႔နြ္ ည္ြုငာကန္ငံနြာႏိုငံနံိ္မ
ာႏိုငံနံိ္မန္စ္ႏိုငံနငံနုငင္ခႏို္ိနစျ ကနြက္ံန္မ မနတ္နနသနည္းိ မံနန႔န္ြနႏိုငပိနမနြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံန႔နြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္္႔နိ မမနိုနသနည္းစ္ငမနြတငမနနသနည္းမမနြေမႏို္နသနည္းင
ေမႏို္နသနည္းင္နနသနည္းိမု္ငမနနသနည္းျ ကနန႔န္ြိိကိမနေစုပ္ႏို မြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြင္္ႏိုငမို
င္္ႏိုငမိုက္္႔နိ မမန္ာြုငန္မနပိမန႔နြ ငငံနြနငနသနည္းနငနြ မန႔န္
စိမမမနစငငနကငန္ံနနသနည္းဌမမ္ပမနသနည္းမြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံစိ မမံနနသနည္းြ္ိမမံနနသနည္းန္ံနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငနမြိ မနျငိမ မ
ိ မနျငိမ မန႔န္ြီ္ ိ္ြါတႏိုင ံန္ပမ္ိေမ႔နနသနည္းကငိ္ငြ႔ုေနနသနည္းငမနနသနည္းာႏိုငနကမနုုန႔န္ြ ံနနသနည္းနႏိုငပြ႔ုေန
ံနနသနည္းနႏိုငပြ႔ုေနနသနည္းငမနနသနည္းမႏိုငနကမနုု္ာိ မမံနကြံ္ႏိုငပန႔နြီ္ိမနသနည္းြိငကုနာႏိုငံနံီမနနႏိုငပြတငမနိျငနသနည္းုငက မ
တငမနိျငနသနည္းုငက မန႔န္ြ္ုမနသနည္းတငနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း္ငံနြစမပံနကငပမနျုကမနသနည္း္ာ္ပမနသနည္းြျ ကနိငခိမန႔န္ြ္ပမမ နိကန္ပမနသနည္း
္ပမမ နိကန္ပမနသနည္းြ ႏိုာႏိုငနုိမုန႔န ႏိုငိနမြန္ံနနသနည္းိ မံနနသနည္းငနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငနမြစိမမမနာႏိုငံနံ
စိမမမနာႏိုငံနံြ္္င္ မ္ပမနသနည္းမြ မနိမန င္နသနည္းိ မနျငိမ မန႔န္
စကႏိုငနသနည္းုစိငခြျငကန္ံနိ မနနေ္ပမနသနည္းမြိငခိစမံန မနနသနည္းကင မ႔နန႔နြို္န္္၊ြ္႔န ံႏို
္႔န ံႏို္န္ႏိုငနသနည္း္မနိနမြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္္ုငန မန္္နသနည္းုမနြိႏိုငစငနန႔န္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငိငငန မံန ႏိုငပြ
င မ႔နုပမန္ုႏိုျ ကနိမန႔န ငြ ႏိုင မန႔န္ြနႏိုငပုမ္ငံနြြနႏိုငပိနမျငကန္ံနိ မန္ာ္ပမနသနည္းြ္မနသနည္း င
္မနသနည္း ငံနနသနည္းိမန႔န္မြိနုပမိငမ္နသနည္းျ ကနင န႔န္

3. ကမိုနသနည္းနေန႔နြ ေနသနည္းီတႏိုငမနင႔မုံနစျ ကနြ္ာရိိနသနည္း္မးနႏိုငိန္ငံနြစုႏို
စုႏိုပမနိိနသနည္းိ မမနံန မမနသနည္းငႏိုငပုပုငကန႔န္ြ္ာရိိနသနည္း္မးနႏိုငိနေငိငကမနံနိမပမံနနသနည္းန႔နြျ္မန္မာ
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြစိမမံနနသနည္း ငနသနည္းစျ ကနြစ ံနကန္န္္နုုြန႔န္ြနႏိုငပိနမနြိမပမံနနသနည္းကမ
ိမပမံနနသနည္းကမ မ႔နက္ႏိုငမနန႔နြကမ မ႔နက္ႏိုငမနနႏိုငပြိမိုမမနန႔နကြ္႔နကန႔န္ညနသနည္းမႏိုငြ္ပမနသနည္းကငမ
္ပမနသနည္းကငမြစိတမမနစမေျင္ာႏိုငံနျုံနနသနည္းြ္ုႏိုိင္ြကမ မ႔နက္ႏိုငမနန႔နြာငုပမိ င္နသနည္းြ္္နသနည္းိုမံန္ပမနသနည္း
္္နသနည္းိုမံန္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြုငန္ႏိုမန္ႏိုမနတငမနနသနည္းတမနသနည္းန႔န္ြိမပမံနနသနည္းငုႏို ငးန္စကႏို္နစငႏိုငံနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းြငပမနက္နသနည္း
ငပမနက္နသနည္းိမ င္နသနည္းြကမနံနိမုႏိုပမနစ္ငံနနသနည္း ငံနြ႔ကနင္နိငိုိမိနမြကမနံနုမနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြျ ္နနမန
ျ ္နနမနနသနည္းမမြံမန္ပမနသနည္းငပိမ မန႔န္ြေင္မြ္ မဌမမ္စိ နစိ္နစိုမြ္ုငိ
္ုငိငနသနည္းမ္နသနည္းငနသနည္းိငပမမန ငနသနည္းိမန႔န္
စိ္င စေမ္ုႏို၊ြစနမနစုင နေမ္နသနည္းေမ္နသနည္းြေငိငင ိ္မမမစုပ္ႏို ြုႏို မင န႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြကကန္
ကကန္ငန္စငငနုပ္ငန္ာမႏိုငြ နကငာကနိင ံနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းကငမ မမြေမ္ိ္င ုငကု င္နသနည္းြစနမနု
စနမနုံနနမနမပမနုကနုငကနေ္ပမနသနည္းြျ ကန မန႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြစမမ္္န္ငံနြိစနသနည္း
ိစနသနည္းိ နသနည္းနမနနမိမတႏိုငံနိႏိုငန႔နကကႏို္နုႏိုနေ္ပမနသနည္းျ ကန မန႔န္ြ္မန္မန မင မငြိငငနုပ
ိငငနုပံနမႏိုငံနြုပံနကႏို္န္ုႏို မိ္မကိင္ြေငိငီမနမုငနျ ံနကြင္စႏို္နုပနင္ီငင ုြံ နံ နုင
ံ နံ နုင နုင နြ ုမ၊ြ ုမ္္ပမနသနည္းုႏို မြင န႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြင႔မတေနသနည္းုငပမန င္နသနည္းြနႏို
နႏိုုပံန္္နုပံနကႏို္နုႏို မိနမနိ႔နနသနည္းြစိ္င စေမ္္ုႏို မိင္ြေငိင္ မဌမမ္ငံနြ ံနနသနည္းစင
ံနနသနည္းစငငနကငာကနုငစ မမနသနည္းြ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း မန္ုငိငပမမန ငနသနည္းိမင န႔န္ြစ ႏိုငင ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း မနန႔နြ
္မးနႏိုငိန္ပမနသနည္းငႏို္နတမနသနည္းုႏိုပမနစာရုမ နုႏိုန႔နကြီမနမုငန္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြနံန မမနသနည္းျုံနနသနည္း္ျင္ုမနြငႏို္နငံနု
ငႏို္နငံနုတမနသနည္းုုႏိုပမန္ငံနြစုင နိုမမနေမ္နသနည္းြျငံနနသနည္းုငကုနေ္ပမနသနည္းျ ကန မင န႔န္
ေငိင္ မဌမမ္ငံနြစိ နစိ္နစိုမြ ုမ၊ြ ုမ္္ပမနသနည္းြ္ုႏို္ေမြေငိ
ေငိငကမနံနိမပမံနနသနည္း္ြစိ္င စေမ္ာံနကစ္ေြုုႏိုိမိနမြစနမနိ္ငနသနည္း
စနမနိ္ငနသနည္း ္နနသနည္းိမပမံနနသနည္း ႏိုငံနုမြစနႏိုေမးနင႔မာံနကြန္ငႏို္ပမနသနည္းိငပမမနြ ငနသနည္းိမန႔နကြ
ငနသနည္းိမန႔နကြစညႏိုငအမ နျ ကနန႔န္ြစ ႏိုငင မငမနိငနမႏိုငြျ ႔နက ႔နနသနည္းိငနသနည္းုမနြိင နမေိနမမ
ိင နမေိနမမ႔နနသနည္းိ္နနသနည္း္ုႏိုနိႏိုငြိငပမမန ငနသနည္းိမိနမကင္နနသနည္းငမမနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းြ င ႏို္နသနည္း္ႏိုငနသနည္း

4. င ႏို္နသနည္း္ႏိုငနသနည္း္မနုမနြစုႏိုပမန ေု္႔န္ြ ံနနသနည္း္ႏိုငပ္ငံနြမ္င္နနသနည္းမပံန္ာ္ပမနသနည္းကငမြင ံနန႔န္ြစ ႏိုင
စ ႏိုငင မငပ္နနသနည္းမပံန္ာ္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြိင္နိငနကငမိ္ငနသနည္းိုခ္ာ၊ြိင္နြိငနကငမ
ိငနကငမတင္နိ မနိျငမ မမနသနည္း္ာ၊ြို ိ မံနို ုငမနျင္ိငငနိႏိုငန႔နကြျငံနနသနည္းျငြိနမကႏို္နညမ္န၊
ိနမကႏို္နညမ္န၊ြတႏိုငနသနည္းနမနသနည္းန႔နကစိိကစတ္ပမနသနည္းာံနကြင္နနမန မနာု နိမနိႏိုငြုႏိုငံန္မ
ုႏိုငံန္မစမနသနည္းိမမံနနသနည္းန႔နကြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္္ုငနာံနကြုငငျုမနသနည္း ္ုာႏိုငံနိင္
ျ္မန္မကာႏိုငံနံိုနသနည္းစိ္င စေမ္ုႏိုြစိမမမနစငငနကငိိကိမနေ္ပမနသနည္းမြိငခိစမံန
ိငခိစမံန မနနသနည္းကင မ႔နန႔နြစိမနသနည္း္ေျငူမမမႏိုငြေမ္ိ္င ိမုန႔န ငြ ႏိုင မန႔န္ြ ံနနသနည္း္မ
ံနနသနည္း္မြစကႏိုငနသနည္းု ာရုမနသနည္းစ္ငံနနသနည္းြစု႔နစုပံနနသနည္းြစကင္နနသနည္းစကုႏိုန႔နကြစိ နစိ္နစ
စိ နစိ္နစိုမ္ုငြိငပမမန ငနသနည္းိမျုံနနသနည္းျ ကနန႔န္ြစမနသနည္းိငပမကန႔နကြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္ြစကႏိုငနသနည္းု္ုငနိ
စကႏိုငနသနည္းု္ုငနိမနိစမမန ငံနိပံနြစိ္င စေမ္ုႏို င္နသနည္းြို ံနနသနည္းိ မံနျ ကနုမနြစိမနသနည္းစိမ
စိမနသနည္းစိမုႏိုနေ္ပမနသနည္းိငခြတငမနိမ ႏိုငပြစိျုစိမ္ုႏို ငြကမိုနသနည္းနေမြနငနသနည္းနငနန႔န္
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံန႔နြျင႔နက ိနမင္္ႏိုငမိုက္ကမကနနႏိုငပြငႏိုင္ႏိုငိပံနျ္မနကငမြိုင ိပမနသနည္းနငမနသနည္းာႏိုငံနုမနြစ ငင စက႔နနသနည္း ႏိုင
စ ငင စက႔နနသနည္း ႏိုငံနုမြကင္နနသနည္းု႔နုပ္ႏို ္ငကိမန႔န္ြုႏိုငံန္မိနမြစိျုုင႔မ္ုငနုုႏို္ာ၊ြိမမံနနသနည္း္ငမန
ိမမံနနသနည္း္ငမနိနမြိမမိႏိုငန္ပမနသနည္း၊ြ္မးနႏိုငိန္ပမနသနည္းြ္ငံနြ္မနိုမမနု္ာ၊ြိင္နိ
ိင္နိငနိနမကမမ န္ံနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြ ္နတာု္ာ၊ြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္စနႏိုငံနနသနည္းစ မနနသနည္း္ုင္ငံနြိမတႏိုင
ိမတႏိုငံနု္ာ္ႏိုငပ္ြိငခတငမနိမိနမေမးနင႔မစိ္င စေမ္ာံနကြန္ငႏို္ႏိုင
န္ငႏို္ႏိုငပျ္မန္မကိေ စ ငင စက႔နနသနည္း္ငံနြုပ္ႏို ္ငကိမန႔န္
္႔နနႏိုငပငံန ႏိုငိကြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံစ္ငမနြန္ံနနသနည္းိမမံနနသနည္းစုပ္ႏို ြုႏိုိမင န႔န္ြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြငႏိုင္ႏိုငစမနသနည္းိမမံနနသနည္းိနမြာႏိုငံနံိုနသနည္းာ
ာႏိုငံနံိုနသနည္းာံနကစုငနီမနစ ငင စက႔နနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းြ္႔နိ မမနုမနမႏိုကာန႔နြမ႔နနသနည္းိ္နနသနည္းြစ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း
စ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္းျ ံနကြ မနိမန င္နသနည္းြ္႔နုႏိုိမန႔န္

5. စုမုမ္ႏိုငံနနသနည္းမႏိုငြကႏို္န ံနကမနသနည္း္ာ၊ြကေနသနည္းက္နနသနည္းိိကိမ္ာုႏို မိနမြိမပမံနနသနည္းနမနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းာံနကြ္မန မငိာ
္မန မငိာငနုမနသနည္းနေ္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြ္ာရိိနသနည္း ္ႏို္ ုႏိုြ္ပမန မ ံနြကံန္မာံနကြုမနမငမန ္ႏို္ ုႏိုြစိ္ုႏိုမ
စိ္ုႏိုမမနကံန္မ္ႏိုငပ္ငံနြငင္မနျင႔နကာမနိမင န႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြစ ႏိုငင
စ ႏိုငင ကံန္မ္ပမနသနည္း္ငံနြိ မိျငမငငင္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြ္မနိုမမနမမနသနည္းိတမံန မန႔န္ြစံန္မမ
စံန္မမမနစနငနသနည္းျင္ မန႔န္ြစျုမနသနည္းိနမြျင္ျငံန
ျင္ျငံနိျငမံနနသနည္းိငိုနသနည္းနိီမတမနသနည္းုႏိုနေ္ပမနသနည္းာံနကြိ္င င မန႔န္ြိ ငနသနည္းိာငနသနည္း မန႔န္
ကမိုနသနည္းနေကမနံနန႔နကစ္မနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း္ငံနြိမပမံနနသနည္းနမနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြျင႔နနေ ီ ္ငံနြိေ မပံန
ိေ မပံနက ္န္စိုနသနည္းင ြ္ာမႏိုငိိကိမ မန႔န္ြမ္ကမ္ မနနသနည္း္ငံနြျ ကနိငခိမိနမြင္္ႏိုင
င္္ႏိုငမိုက္္စာရုမ န္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြိိကိမ မန႔န္ြငႏိုင္ႏိုငစမနသနည္းိမမံနနသနည္းန႔နကြင္္ႏိုင
င္္ႏိုငမိုက္္႔နိ မမနိုနသနည္းစ္ငမနြစုငံနကစိ္နနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းာံနကင္နနမန င္နသနည္းြကမ္္နနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း

6. ကမ္္နနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းိုနသနည္းြ မန႔န္ြစကႏိုငနသနည္းုြင႔မိုနသနည္းဌမမာံနကြစနမနိ္ငနသနည္း
စနမနိ္ငနသနည္း ္နနသနည္းိမပမံနနသနည္းစိငငန္ပမနသနည္း္ငံနြစမပံနကငပမနျုကမနသနည္း္ာမႏိုင္ႏိုငမန ပမနြုမနြေငိငမႏိုင
ေငိငမႏိုင္႔နနႏိုငပ္႔နငငြစနငနသနည္းျင္ု္႔နာံနကြင္နနမန င္နသနည္းြကမနံနုမန
ကမနံနုမနနသနည္း္ငံနနသနည္း္ံန မန္ာ္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြျင္ိငငန မန႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြိင္နိငနိနမြမငမနနင
မငမနနင န္ာ္ိမမံနနသနည္းမငမန္ပမနသနည္းာံနကြမႏိုင နမပ္ႏိုနသနည္းက္နသနည္းငငမနသနည္းြမမမင နိုနသနည္း င္ြ ႏိုငနသနည္းမပ္ႏိုနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြာာႏိုံနနသနည္း ေန
ာာႏိုံနနသနည္း ေနိ ငနသနည္းိာငနသနည္း မန႔န္
ေငိင္ မဌမမ္ြံ နုင နိနမ ုမ၊ြ ုမ္္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြ္ာရိိနသနည္း္မးနႏိုငိနြေငိ
ေငိငကမနံနိမပမံနနသနည္း္ြ္ ြာကနိျ္မမနာကနင္နိ႔နိမပြမငမန ုံနက္ငံနြိေ စုငံနကစိ
ိေ စုငံနကစိုနသနည္း၊ြစကငုံနမငကမနသနည္းျုံနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း၊ြင္န မနနသနည္းမပံနြ ႏိုငံနုမေငိင၊ြစ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း
စ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္းန္္နသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း္စ ံနကစ္မနနသနည္း၊ြမိိနသနည္းစုငံနကစိုနသနည္းြကန႔န
ကန႔နကစိုနသနည္းေမ္နသနည္းစိ မမံနနသနည္းစုမ္ပမနသနည္းာံနကင္နနမန င္နသနည္းြကမ္္နနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းြ ္န မမနသနည္းုငက မန႔န္
ကမိုနသနည္းနေန႔နြိမျင႔နိ္မန္ငံနြို္နိ္မနမႏိုင နကမနသနည္းိ နြနငနသနည္းင ္ံနုမနပမႏိုငြနံန္မနနသနည္းန
နံန္မနနသနည္းနငနသနည္းေမႏို္နိငနသနည္းုငကန႔န္ြိ ငနသနည္းိာငနသနည္းငငငို ံနနသနည္းကေန္ပမနသနည္း္မြ္ုမနသနည္းေငိငကႏိုငနသနည္း
္ုမနသနည္းေငိငကႏိုငနသနည္း္ႏိုငနသနည္းိုနသနည္း၊ြ္ုမနသနည္းက္ုံနိုနသနည္းစ္္ုႏိုငမံနနသနည္း္ာာံနကြာႏိုငံနံ္မမမငမနြနင န္ာေငိ
နင န္ာေငိင္ႏိုငပျ ကန မန႔န္ြ ံနနသနည္းနံန္မနနသနည္းမႏိုငြစိ္ုႏိုမမနာႏိုငံနံျုမနသနည္းိုနသနည္းဌမမမြုမနငငိံငိ
ုမနငငိံငိတမမနငက င္နသနည္းြစ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္းနမနသနည္းင္္ႏိုငမိုက္စံနက္္မပကမြမ္
မ္မတျင္ ငံနကိကနျုံနနသနည္းျ ကနန႔န္ြို္နိ္မနမႏိုင နကမနသနည္းိ န္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြီမနမျငမန
ီမနမျငမနိငနသနည္းနေ္္ ံနကြမငပမငနငန္ိ မိျငမုပမန္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြ္တင္ကႏိုငမနမမနသနည္း
္တင္ကႏိုငမနမမနသနည္းိတမံန မန႔န္ြျ္မန္မီမနမြျငမန ိႏိုငမန္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြစိိနသနည္းစမမနြိိကိမ
ိိကိမ္္နနမနသနည္း မန႔န္ြ္ုံနနသနည္းိံနနသနည္းန႔န္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြိ္နသနည္းုငမနနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းိ္နသနည္းျ္မနနသနည္းြ မန႔န္
ကမိုနသနည္းနေ္ံနျငိမန႔န္မြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံန႔နြ ငင က႔နနသနည္း္ာ ႏိုငံနုမြကင္နနသနည္းု႔နုပ္ႏို
ကင္နနသနည္းု႔နုပ္ႏို ္ငက္ာ္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြ္မ႔နနသနည္း္ ငျ ႔နကြ ႔နနသနည္းိမန႔န္ြစတမနိုမာံနကြိစမမန ငနသနည္းိုမမႏိုင

7. ိစမမန ငနသနည္းိုမမႏိုငြိမမံနနသနည္းကငမုႏိုပ္န မနိငနသနည္း္႔နကစိ္င စေမ္ာံနကြကင္နနသနည္းု႔နြျင႔နက ိ
ကင္နနသနည္းု႔နြျင႔နက ိနမြစိ နစိ္နိုမ္ုင္ျ ႔နနသနည္းြျ ႔နနသနည္းုပ
ျ ႔နနသနည္းုပံနနသနည္းျ ကနတငမနနသနည္းိမိ မမံနနသနည္းြ ႏိုငိႏိုငျုံနနသနည္းျ ကနင န႔န္
တႏိုိုမမန္ာုႏိုန႔နကြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္ကမကန္ုငြ္႔နိ မမနိုနသနည္းန႔နြစုႏိုပမန ေုန႔န္ြစတေနသနည္းနျ
စတေနသနည္းနျ ံနကြ္ မမိနနသနည္းိနမစ္ႏို္နမမိမြုမနကမန မ္နနသနည္း မ္္န္ာ္ပမနသနည္းုႏိုုငက င္နသနည္းြင္္ႏိုင
င္္ႏိုငမိုက္ မနပမပံနိုနသနည္းစံနစမနသနည္းကင္ပမနသနည္းြစမနသနည္းိမမံနနသနည္းိမုႏိုပမန္ငံနြင္္ႏိုင
င္္ႏိုငမိုက္္႔နိ မမနိုနသနည္းန႔နငႏိုင င္နသနည္းစုႏိုပမန ေုန႔န္ြစိ္ုႏိုမမနျင႔နိတမံနကငြစိမာံန
စိမာံနကြျ္မန္မျင႔နနေိေတငာံနကြ မနိမန င္နသနည္းြတႏိုိ္င မန ိမ ႏိုငပ၊ြစမမ္္နစ္င
စမမ္္နစ္ငမနြံ္ႏိုငပ္ြစိမမံနနသနည္း ငနသနည္းိ္ပမနိံနကုပမန္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြ မနိမနငကငႏိုငနသနည္းိမ ႏိုငပြိႏိုငစငနင
ိႏိုငစငနင န႔န္
စ ႏိုငင ိ္ပမနိံနကုပမန္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြနီမ မပင န႔န္ြိကပနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း၊ြ္မးနႏိုင
္မးနႏိုငိနငုႏို ငးန္ပမနသနည္းာံနကြိ္နနသနည္း္္ပမနသနည္းိငခ္ငံနြျ္မန္မိေ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း္ြ င္နသနည္းိငပမ
င္နသနည္းိငပမနိမိနမ္ပမနာမ္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြိိကိမနေ္ညနသနည္း္ိ မမနစိမာံနကြျ္ံနိ္င ာႏိုငံနင
ျ္ံနိ္င ာႏိုငံနင န႔န္ြင္္ႏိုငမိုက္န႔နြစမးမုံနကမကနတမနြငႏိုင္ႏိုငိမမံနနသနည္း္ငမနိ မမံနနသနည္းြနေ္ႏိုငပနႏို
နေ္ႏိုငပနႏို မင န႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြစတ္နသနည္းမပမနိမုျုံနနသနည္းတမနြမ္ကမေမ္နသနည္းာံနကြတႏိုိ္င
တႏိုိ္င မန ိမျုံနနသနည္းမႏိုငြငႏိုင္ႏိုငနိီမမပာကန ုႏို္မန မင န႔န္
စမ႔နနသနည္း ငနသနည္းိ္မကြ ္ႏို္ ေမ္နသနည္း္ပမနသနည္း ြိေ္ႏိုငံနနသနည္း္ငံနြ နိေိမ ငမနနသနည္း္ိငနသနည္းာံနကြိ ကကနီင္နစိမမ
ိ ကကနီင္နစိမမံနက္ုငုႏိုြိမ မ င္ျ ကနြင န႔န္ြိ္မနိ္မနမမနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းန႔နြစ္ပမနသနည္းကငစ္င
စ္ပမနသနည္းကငစ္ငမနြိကပနသနည္းေမ္နသနည္းိငမနနသနည္းိနမနိ႔နနသနည္းြစိငကကမနသနည္းိ္မနိ္မနြ ႏိုငံနမ နြ္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြိမုမစာပိ္င
ိမုမစာပိ္င ျ္ံနိမုင န႔န္ြ ငမနနသနည္းိျငမိမ မနေ္ပမနသနည္း၊ြ ႏိုငံနမ န္က္နသနည္းမႏိုငြ္ မမုး ႏိုင
္ မမုး ႏိုငနိႏိုငြာကနိ မမန၊ြနငနသနည္းိ မမနနႏိုငပ္ င္နြိိနသနည္းိ မမနတႏိုြက္နသနည္းိမ မနေ
က္နသနည္းိမ မနေ္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြိ္င ျ္ံနုန႔န္မြနေ္ႏိုငပိငပမနြုုံနိမ မိ မမံနနသနည္းြနႏိုနမတ

8. နႏိုနမတံနုမနသနည္းင န႔န္ြ ုငိႏိုငြစိျုစိမ္ပ္ႏိုနသနည္းိုမမနိစမံနြိငမနုငကိနမာကနစမ႔နနသနည္းြံ နစ္င
ံ နစ္ငံနနသနည္းြီ နိိမမနိ နသနည္းိ နသနည္းိ္နနသနည္းုငကုန႔နမႏိုငြနေ္ႏိုငပနႏိုုႏိုမမနသနည္းိ႔န မင န႔န္ြနေ္ႏိုငပ
နေ္ႏိုငပန႔နြစ္ႏို္နမႏိုငြျငမန္နငမနသနည္းိႏိုင မီငြစမမ္္နမႏိုငနမြိိပမမနိ္နနသနည္းိႏိုင မင န႔န္
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြိ္န္ိိမေမ္ိ္င ိမုန႔နနကစုမနစုင္ပမနသနည္းာံနကြစုမနစုင္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြေ္ င ငြ္မန
ေ္ င ငြ္မနနသနည္း္ာ္နမမြိျ ုံနနသနည္းာႏိုငံန္႔န္ င္နနိႏိုငြမ႔နနသနည္းိ္နနသနည္းိ႔န
မ႔နနသနည္းိ္နနသနည္းိ႔နနသနည္း္ုႏိုိနနသနည္းိင္ြတႏိုိုမမနိနမြင္္ႏိုငမုမန္ကနြစ ငင စက႔နနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းြ င ႏို္နသနည္းိုနသနည္း
င ႏို္နသနည္းိုနသနည္းန႔နြစိမမံနနသနည္း ငနသနည္းစုႏိုပမန္ပမနသနည္း ငံနြိာနသနည္းိမငနသနည္းိမ္္နန႔န္ြ္ုႏိုပမန္႔နနသနည္း္ငံန
္ုႏိုပမန္႔နနသနည္း္ငံနြစိ္ုႏိုမမနြျင႔နိတမံနကငန႔နြမငမနနင န္ာ၊ြုု္နသနည္းနငမနသနည္းိငငနံမနနသနည္း၊ြင႔မိုနသနည္း
င႔မိုနသနည္း ႏိုငံနုမ ိ န္ာ္ပမနသနည္း၊ြန္္မနိုနသနည္းုမြစိတမမနစမေျင္္ာ္ႏိုငပမႏိုငြ္ႏိုငနသနည္း
္ႏိုငနသနည္းျ္ုံနက င္နသနည္းစိုနသနည္းင ိနမြိင ံနနသနည္းမေနသနည္း္္မနသနည္း္ပမနသနည္းမႏိုငြ င ႏို္နသနည္းိစမံနိငငနျုံနနသနည္းျ ံနကြျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္င
ျ္မန္မာႏိုငံနံ္ငံနြုႏိုငံန္မိနမုံနနသနည္းာ္နသနည္းျ္ု္ငနာ္ာ္ုငနိငခြတငမနနသနည္းိမိစမံနိငငနိ မံနနံနကိငန႔န္
S.M
Ref: (Why is Democracy Stalled in Myanmar by Vincent R.Johnson, Express News)
https://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Why-is-
democracy-stalled-in-Myanmar-12813114.php
Why is democracy stalled in Myanmar?

9. Vincent R. Johnson, For the Express-News Published 12:00 am, Saturday, April 7, 2018
Photo: Thet Aung /AFP /Getty Images
Myanmar State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi (right) unfairly takes the brunt of the blame for the nation’s
stalled democracy.
Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi has served as state counsellor of
Myanmar since 2016. Although she is essentially prime minister, the country’s struggle
to build a democracy seems to have stalled.
There is only bad news out of Myanmar, according to Western news reports. Endless
sobering articles tell about the persecution of the Rohingya minority, the flight of
refugees to Bangladesh, corruption in the courts, ethnic cleansing, repression of
journalists, violence by Buddhists and the murder of a top Burmese Muslim adviser to
the government.
Critics argue that Suu Kyi lacks the conviction to do what is required to create a
modern, stable progressive democracy. However, that is almost surely wrong.
Suu Kyi’s life story paints a wholly different picture. Her character was forged by the
assassination of her father, her work at the United Nations, her house confinement for
15 years as a political prisoner, and the assassination attempt on her that left countless
supporters dead or injured.
For 30 years, Suu Kyi has led the fight for democracy in Myanmar. What she lacks is
not courage or commitment to democratic values but the institutional capacity to move
the country faster toward such goals. By law, the military still holds one-fourth of the

10. seats in Parliament. More than a half-century of dictatorial misrule by the military took a
heavy toll on Myanmar.
What was once one of the best-educated nations in Asia is now one of the least
educated. What was once one of the richest nations in Asia is now one of the poorest.
What was once a colony brave enough to demand its independence from the British
Empire is now a timid country terrorized by decades of repression. The risk that the
country’s military might again assert full control over the government seems to hover
just off-stage.
Suppose that, in a fledgling democracy, for most of the past three decades the
universities were closed, government-perpetrated violence was common, the teaching
of political science was forbidden, and vast numbers of children were denied even a
basic education. What would that mean? One would expect democratic impulses to be
stunted and for it to be very difficult to pursue democratic ideals effectively. That is
precisely what has happened in Myanmar.
I have spent the past four months teaching as a Fulbright scholar at the University of
Mandalay, in Myanmar’s second largest city. Mandalay is roughly the size of San
Antonio, in a country the size of Texas, but with more than twice the population.
The University of Mandalay law school is ranked as the best in Myanmar. However, a
visitor cannot help but notice that the library is meager and poorly lit, that parts of the
campus crumble in ruins, that birds fly through dusty classrooms even when courses
are in session, and that almost the entire middle tier of law faculty is missing.
There are a few experienced, older law professors who survived many decades of
military rule and who are reassuringly future-minded. There are also many very young
law faculty members — newly minted Ph.D.s who are bright and eager but
inexperienced.
Between those two extremes, there is almost no one on the law faculty. That missing
generation is the one that grew up when the universities were closed and the teaching
of dangerous subjects was forbidden.
The absence of the faculty middle tier means that much of the professional wisdom and
courage that comes with experience is missing from the law school. There is no easy
way to fill that void. It will simply take time to develop the strengths that are missing.
That includes many skills that are indispensable to a strong democracy, such as

11. independent thought, free expression, passionate advocacy and insistence on honest
practices.
Experienced Western observers of the Myanmar government say that Suu Kyi faces the
same problem. The middle tier of governmental talent is missing. There is no
experienced cohort of potential leaders that has grown up under even a weak
democratic regime.
The country lacks institutional capacity to move faster toward full democracy. Absent
are the wisdom, experience and courage that come from getting a strong basic
education, attending good colleges and universities, reading a free press and living in a
democratic society.
There is nevertheless some good news. The work to build stronger political and civic
institutions in Myanmar continues in many ways.
Interested students and activists regularly pack the U.S.-funded Jefferson Center in
Mandalay and the American Center in Yangon to hear speakers, read books, use the
internet and meet other reform-minded people.
In my classes, students study the importance of ethics in public life and discuss threats
to democracy around the world. They also write papers about the opportunities for
building stronger democracies and make class presentations about how to use law to
fight corruption in government, education and the professions. They discuss the
comparative merits of free trade and protectionism.
The young Burmese faculty members who recently presented papers at a conference
celebrating the 25th anniversary of the University of Mandalay’s law school addressed
important topics, such as human rights, shareholder remedies, environmental law, the
status of women and the rights of children.
In Naypyidaw, the Myanmar’s capital, I conducted three training sessions for roughly
three dozen progressive members of Parliament about critical issues facing their
country. The topics included rule of law, judicial independence and international trade
law. Rather than skip these evening programs sponsored by the National Democracy
Institute, which is funded by the U.S. State Department, the parliamentary members
listened carefully to my translated talks and attentively studied my slides, which had
been converted into Burmese. They grilled me with questions to make sure they
understood my arguments.

12. Building an effective democracy takes time, especially when anti-democratic forces are
strong and recent history has been brutal. The United States needs to continue to
engage with the people of Myanmar and to support their best hopes for the future.
Those hopes are real. One can see that on the faces of the Burmese people on the
vibrant streets, on the university campuses and in the market. They know that
democracy is much better than dictatorship and prefer global connections to isolation.
At least in the cities, everyone has a cellphone and a Facebook account. While cars are
too expensive for most people, electric and gas scooters are fairly ubiquitous. Looking
at the people using their phones and riding often two, three or four to a scooter, it is
clear that they are happy. They know how far they have come in the past few years, and
they want the future, not the past.
However, there is no quick fix for the harm that was done by 50 years of oppressive
military rule. Developing effective democratic institutions is a slow process, even in the
best of times. Meanwhile, the United States must make a strong investment in Myanmar
by developing the important bridges that come from increased trade, tourism,
educational exchange and diplomatic support.
The Burmese people deserve that.
Vincent R. Johnson is South Texas Professor of Law at St. Mary’s University and a
Fulbright scholar at the University of Mandalay, Myanmar. The Fulbright program is
America’s flagship international educational exchange program. The views expressed
here are solely those of the author.