1. Unit 5: Interaction: The
Nervous and Endocrine
Systems
INDEX
1. The interaction process
2. The neuron and electric
signals
3. The nervous system
4. The endocrine system
5. Healthy habits: diseases of
the
nervous and endocrine
systems
2. A. To adapt the body to changing conditions, in the internal as well
the external environment.
E. To connect and coordinate the different parts of our body so that
they work together.
C. Nervous and endocrine systems are in charge of interaction process
D. Respiratory and reproductive systems are the main systems involve
interaction.
B. To digest food and to absorb nutrients .
Decide which the following sentences are related to
the interaction process
1. The Interaction Process
3. To adapt the body to changing conditions
To connect and coordinate the different par
of our body
1.1 Functions of the interaction processes
4. To take part in homeostasis
Homeostatic processes maintain the body’s stability.
5. 1.2 Systems that participate in the interaction
process
Stimuli are detected by the Sensory Organs.
The information is transmited and a response is created by the
Nervous System.
The response is transmitted to the effector organs:
-Locomotor system movement
-Endocrine system hormones
Activities 4, 5 and 6 page 7
6. Videos 3C:
NervousSystemStimuli
GeneralNervousSystem
. Answer the following questions:
•What are the organs which receive the information of the
environment?
•What are the systems which analyse the information and
make a response?
•What are the organs which execute the response?
•What is a nervous impulse?
•What are neurotransmitters?
•What is the difference between sensory neurons and motor
neurons?
•What are the two main parts of the Central Nervous
System?
•What are the three protections of the CNS?
•What is the difference between craneal and spinal nerves?
•What are the integration centres in the reflex act and in the
voluntary act?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA neurotransmitters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mItV4rC57kM synapses
8. 2. The neuron and electric
signals
Direction of the nerve impulse
The nervous system’s anatomical and physiological unit is the neuron.
•Schwann cells: they isolate the axon, so that the nerve
impulse is transmitted faster. They are made up of
9. Types of neurons depending on their
function
Sensory
neurons
They transmit
information from
the receptors to
the nerve centres
Motor neurons
They transmit the
signals from the
nerve centres to
the effector organs
Interneurons
They connect them
(located in the
brain and in the
spinal cord)
10. Neurons transmit nerve impulses (electric signals) from the dendrites to the ax
Synapses are connections between neurons. There is not physical contact betw
neurons. The gap between them is called synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released by the axon of a
neuron when it is reached by a nervous impulse. These substances are
detected by the following neuron which produces another nervous impulse.
12. One of the most important features of chemical synapses is that they are the site
of action for many drugs.
Synapses are affected by drugs such as cocaine, morphine, alcohol, LSD,
and countless others. These drugs have different effects on synaptic function.
13. 3. The Nervous System
Component
s of the
Nervous
System
Central
Nervous
System (CNS)
Brain (encéfalo)
Cerebrum
(cerebro)
Cerebellum
Brain stem
(bulbo raquídeo)
Spinal cord
(médula espinal)
Peripheral
Nervous
System (PNS)
Somatic nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous system
Sympathetic
nervous system
Parasympathetic
nervous system
14. 3.1 The Central Nervous System (CNS)
It is responsible for integrating information received, coordinating it and preparin
a response. It has two parts:
• the brain
• the spinal cord
15. Protections of
the CNS
Bone
skull
spine/ vertebral
column/backbon
e3
membranes
called
meninges
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia mater
A liquid called
cerebrospinal fluid
(líquido
cefalorraquídeo)
16. Types of tissue
in the CNS
Grey matter
Cell bodies
and dendrites
White matter
Axons (with
myelin)
17. The Grey matter is found in the centre and it is shaped like a butterfly’s wings.
The white matter is in the outer area.
Central canal: Channel which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
18. Functions of the
spinal cord
Reflex actions
Pathway for
messages from/to
the brain from/to
the rest of the
body
22. A. pituitary gland / pineal
gland
B. cerebrum
C.skull
D.corpus callosum
E. thalamus
F. hypothalamus
G.brain stem
H.cerebellum
I. meninges
J. spinal cordI
23. It controls the heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, etc.
It also regulates sleep.
Brain stem
24. It intervenes in the control of muscles, balance and the
posture of the body.
Cerebellum
25. Cerebrum
It analyses all the information from the receptors and orders voluntary
responses.
It is the centre for language, thought, creativity learning and memory.
It is the only conscious structure of the encephalon.
The grey matter forms the cerebral cortex,
which is responsible for acquired behaviour.
28. It is made up of nerves.
A nerve contains a mixture of nerve fibres (axons)
Nerves can be:
- Craneal linked to the brain
- Spinal linked to the spinal cord
3.2 The Peripheral Nervous System: the nerves
29. It receives information from external stimuli .
It transmits signals for voluntary muscle contractions.
30. It controls involuntary body functions.
It is linked to the:
• Grey matter of the spinal cord
• Brain stem
• Hypothalamus
Parts of the
autonomic
nervous system
Sympathetic
nervous system
It makes the
organs work more
effectively
Parasympathetic
nervous system
It provokes
relaxation and the
organs work more
slowly
31.
32. Alzheimer and Parkinson
are degenerative illnesses in which neurons are
destroyed.
Alzheimer’s disease
produces a progressive loss of memory and ability to
reason.
5. Diseases Related to the
Nervous System
