1. The document discusses different models of government and civic participation, including a traditional industry chain model dominated by private sector groups, and models with increased mediation and fellowship that consult stakeholders. 2. It presents Audrey Tang's perspective on using open data and open space to enable democratic participation in digital spaces. Data can become social objects for discussion, and open spaces allow individual feelings to blend into shared reflections and awareness. 3. Tang advocates for transparency and reflection as democratic properties of digital spaces, and views early digital democracy makers as explorers learning from each other to progress toward an Age of Reflection.

1. 評析 政府
Audrey Tang @ EPA, 2015-11-04

2. 數據 !
。機器產生
（被動量測）

3. 資訊 !
。人可以讀
（紙本掃描）

4. 公開 !
。不特定人
都可以讀

5. 。先有資料
再來開放？
!

6. 公民參與
如果不搭配
公民參與
那叫民粹
而不是民主

7. Government
P P P P
c
c
c
C
C
C
INDUSTRY
CHAIN
MODEL
Representatives from the
private sector (P) dominates
policy-making. The process
includes only individual
scholars and councillors (c) but
excludes the civil society (C).

8. G
MEDIATION:
HUB
MODEL
P P P
G
C
With a lack of trust from
civil society organizations,
traditional online forums
were dominated by private
sector groups. (Solid lines
denote an institutionalized
mode of communication;
the dotted outline marks a
non-empowered space
with uncertain influence
on policy making.)

9. FELLOWSHIP
MODEL
FELLOWSHIP
G
G
G
M
P
M
C
M
C
C P
Through peer-to-peer
connections, mediators
(M) assist policy-making
by publicly consulting
stakeholders whenever
interagency issues arise.

10. INTRA-
EXTRANET
MODEL
G
P
G G
M
CM
As soon as 5000
people countersigned
the e-petition, external
and internal mediators
collaborated to clarify
the demands, publish
background data,
integrate interagency
positions, and make
specific responses.

11. Multi-Stakeholder
Dialog Platform
G P
C
M
Symmetry of Attention

12. Pour l’Assemblée

13. Through radio and television,
one person can speak
to millions of people.

14. Now, for the first time,
we can listen to millions of people
through the internet.

15. Like many of you, I was a digital migrant;
22 years ago, I moved into the internet
when I was 12 years old.

16.
In the cyberspace, as in the physical world,
new migrants and natives have much to learn
from one another. Our particular approach is
through Open Data, and Open Space.

17.
Open Data turns raw measurements into social objects:
people gather around budgets, laws and regulations.
These become topics of discussions just like “today’s weather”.

18. Open Space blends our individual feelings
into shared reflections:
within a reflective space, we gradually become aware
of ourselves, forming a crowd — the “dēmos” in Democracy.

19. Transparent, like a glass;
Reflective, like a mirror.
These are the two democratic properties
of digital spaces.

20.
We, the early makers of digital democracy in the 21st century,
are like the early makers
of reflecting telescopes in the 17th century;
we’re full of innovations and eager to explore the stars.

21.
Personally speaking,
I’m very happy to learn that the French parliament
is making an inventory
of such innovations around the world.

22.
For only through learning from each other,
can we truly enter an Age of Science —
then eventually going beyond it,
into the Age of Reflection.