World War I, Causes and consequences.

1. 1914-1914-
1919:1919:
The WorldThe World
at Warat War

2. CausesCauses
of theof the
WarWar

3. MilitarismMilitarism
 Glorification of the military; race to
expand armies & navies
 Social Darwinism: War promoted
“survival of the fittest”
 Britain vs. Germany: needed to protect
overseas empires

4. 2. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the GreatTotal Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%

5. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

6. AlliancesAlliances
 Nations signed treaties pledging to defend
one another
 Intended to create powerful combinations
that no one would dare to attack

7. 1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

8. Europe in WWI

9. ImperialismImperialism
 Competition for colonies among European
nations
 France vs. Germany fought for control
over the Kingdom of Morocco
 Scramble for natural resources, national
prestige and military outposts

10. U.S. Involvement in the
Caribbean

11. European Imperialism in Africa

12. Aggressive Nationalism

13. NationalismNationalism
 Pride in or devotion to one’s country
 France: longed to regain its position as
Europe’s leading power; wanted to recover
provinces lost to Germany in Franco-
Prussian War 1870 (Alsace & Lorraine)
 Germany: Proud of empire’s new military
& industrial might

14. NationalismNationalism
 Russia: Pan-Slavism or all Slavic peoples
shared a common nationality; Russian duty
to lead & defend all Slavs
 Balkans: Rising nationalism in
multinational empires (Austria-Hungary &
Ottoman Empire) “Balkan Powder Keg”

15. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe

16. TheThe
“Spark”“Spark”

17. Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family

18. The Assassination: Sarajevo

19. The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip

20. Who’s To Blame?

21. All together now! Into chaos!
(Read it fast for maximum effect)
 Serbian assassins kill Franz Ferdinand (heir to
the Austro-Hungarian thrown)
 Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbia
 Russia (allied with Serbia) declares war on
Austria-Hungry
 Germany (allied with Austria-Hungry) declares
war on Russia first, then France
 When German troops cross Belgium to get to
France, Great Britain (allied with Belgium)
declares war on Germany

22. Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas!
 No major warNo major war
in 50 years!in 50 years!
 Nationalism!Nationalism!

23. Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Millions

24. The Schlieffen Plan

25. German Atrocities in Belgium

26. Two Armed Camps!
Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::

27. Central Powers Vs. Allied Powers

28. Europe in 1914

29. A Multi-Front War

30. The War ofThe War of
thethe
IndustrialIndustrial
Revolution:Revolution:
NewNew
TechnologyTechnology

31. U-Boats

32. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

33. Machine Guns

34. Trench Warfare

35. Trench Warfare
““No Man’sNo Man’s
Land”Land”

36. Poison Gas
Machine Gun

37. Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers

38. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

39. French Renault Tank

40. British Tank at Ypres

41. The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

42. The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.

43. The Zeppelin

44. America’s Economy and
The Great War

45. Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!

46. Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartime
PropagandPropagand
aa

47. Australian Poster

48. American Poster

49. Financing the War

50. German Poster

51. Recruitment Posters

52. Financing the War

53. For Recruitment

54. WomenWomen
and theand the
WarWar
EffortEffort

55. Working in the Fields

56. Munitions Workers

57. French Women Factory
Workers

58. A Woman Ambulance Driver

59. Red Cross Nurses

60. Women in the Army Auxiliary

61. Russian Women Soldiers

62. AmericAmeric
aa
JoinsJoins
thethe

63. The Sinking
of the Lusitania

64. The Zimmerman Telegram

65. A Young Australian Recruit

66. Financing the War

67. Recruits of the
Central Powers
Austro-Austro-
HungariansHungarians
A German SoldierA German Soldier
Says Farewell toSays Farewell to
His MotherHis Mother

68. New French Recruits

69. A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier

70. The Yanks
Are Coming!

71. Americans in the Trenches

72. The WesternThe Western
Front:Front:
A “War ofA “War of
AttritionAttrition””

73. A Multi-Front War

74. The Western Front

75. Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000 casualties.

76. Sacrifices in War

77. TheThe
EasternEastern
FrontFront

78. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

79. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

80. T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

81. T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

82. The Tsar with General Brusilov

83. TheThe
“Colonial”“Colonial”
FrontsFronts

84. Sikh British Soldiers in India

85. Fighting in Africa
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]

86. Fighting in Africa
3rd
British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

87. Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916

88. ““Art”Art”
ofof
WorldWorld
War IWar I

89. “A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918

90. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

91. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

92. “Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918

93. “Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

94. 1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

95. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918

96. 9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

97. The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

98. World War I Casualties
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US

99. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

100. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800