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Introduction lecture
1. Exploring Cross
Cultural
Psychology
Ayanna Lynch, Ph.D.
Bowie State University
2. Introduction
The Plan:
• To provide a cursory exploration of cross cultural psychology
The purpose:
• Sneak peek of my teaching style
• Stimulate your thoughts about culture
The Goal:
• Enlightenment
Leave with increased awareness and/or greater appreciation
• Entertainment
3. Who I Am Poems
Take one minute to create a poem called "Who
I Am."
The only rule for the poem is that each line
must start with the phrase "I am..."
4. Culture Defined
A set of attitudes, behaviors and symbols shared by a
large group of people and usually communicated from
one generation to the next.
5. Culture
What comes to mind when you hear the word “culture”?
Race Gender Gangs
Ethnicity Sexual orientation Foodies
Religion Age Hip Hop
Geography Political Affiliation Techies
Education
Melting Pot Soccer Moms
Socioeconomic
Diversity status Military
Multiethnic Your own family
Health status
Cultural sensitivity
Occupation
8. Symbols
Things or ideas that
people attach specific
meaning to
Explicit and implicit
characteristics
9. Shared Experiences
Catholics vs. Muslims
Parents
• Pumping
• Play dates
• Potty Training
• WonderPets
Education
• Bowie vs. Howard vs. Harvard
• Finals vs. Comps
• Licensure or Tenure
10. Shared Experiences
Generation
• VCR vs. Tivo vs. You Tube
• Encyclopedia Britannica vs. Wikipedia
• Rock & Roll vs. Hip Hop
• JFK vs Obama
• Pearl Harbor vs Sept 11th
11. Cross Cultural Psychology
No society is culturally homogenous and no two cultures
are entirely similar or different.
We learn how to think, feel, behave and understand the
world around us by social influences
Examples?
12. Cross Cultural Psychology
Examples:
parents
societal expectations/requirements
traditions of our ancestors
How we think, feel and behave influences the behavior of
others, which then influences others thoughts, feelings,
behaviors and needs
13. Cross Cultural Psychology
The critical and comparative study of cultural
effects on human psychology
• Comparative: any cross cultural psychology study
compares at least two samples representing two cultural
groups
• Critical: the investigation of this comparison requires
critical thinking skills
14. Cross Cultural Psychology
The study of diversity and the underlying reasons for that
diversity
• Are hallucinations and delusions perceived the same way
across cultures?
If so, can the way psychosis is treated in the U.S. be successfully
applied in the Dominican Republic or Vietnam?
15. Cross Cultural Psychology
Studies cross cultural interactions:
• The influences of one culture upon another
Ex: French influences upon African culture – where?
16. Cross Cultural Psychology
Studies of universal or shared psychological aspects across
cultures
• Human personality is universal
Relatively enduring/fixed patterns of thinking, feeling, acting
17. Implications of Cross
Cultural Psychology
Cross Cultural awareness and sensitivity is important:
Research
• The samples we include and & the questions we ask
Clinical work
• Clinical diagnoses and interpretations of behavior
Professionally
• Corporate movement towards inclusion and acceptance
Personally
• Appreciative of other’s differences and similarities
18. Cross Cultural Research
Emotional
Expression
Help Seeking
Behaviors
Motivation
Health Attitudes
Clinical Syndromes
19. Applications
Cross
Cultural
Psychology
The
Mental Int’l
Education Health Business Average
Health Relations
Joe
20. Cultural Psych vs.
Cross-Cultural Psych
Cultural Psychology: perceives individual
behavior as meaningful only when you look at it
in context of the environment they are in
How attitudes and behavior are shaped by the
surrounding culture
Ex: how religious principles shape consciousness or
behavior
21. Society, race and ethnicity
Race:
• a group of people distinguished by certain similar and
genetically transmitted physical characteristics
Hispanic: generally refers to the Spanish heritage in Latin
America
22. Society, race and ethnicity
Ethnicity:
• usually indicates cultural heritage, common
experience by people who share ancestral origin,
language, traditions; can also include shared religion
and geographic territory
23. Knowledge
Defined: information that has a purpose or use
There are four types of knowledge about
psychology can be recognized
• Scientific
• Popular beliefs or folk theories
• Ideological/value based
• Legal
24. Knowledge
Scientific: derived from systematic observation,
measurement and evaluation
Popular beliefs or folk theories: everyday assumptions
ranging from commonly held beliefs to individual
opinions about psychological phenomena
• Old wives tales; superstitions
• May or may not be consistent with scientific theory
The world is square; schizophrenics are more dangerous than others
25. Knowledge
Ideological/value based: a stable set of beliefs held
around the world that are centered around an organizing
principal or central idea
e.g. the nature of good vs evil, right vs wrong
Religion is best example
Legal: laws and other prescriptions/rules/principles
established by authorities
Tribal or community leaders, national government
Establish boundaries for acceptable behavior
26. Knowledge
It is critical for Cross Cultural Psychologists
to treat all four forms of knowledge with
sensitivity, understanding and respect
27. Cultural Traditionalism
Two types of cultural influences can be recognized:
• traditional
• nontraditional
28. Cultural Traditionalism
Traditional culture: rooted in traditions, rules,
symbols and principles predominately established
in the past
• Tends to be confined in local and regional areas,
conservative and intolerant of change or new
knowledge (Eastern Europe); obedience is expected
29. Cultural Traditionalism
Nontraditional culture: modern culture -- new
principles, ideals and practices
• Tends to be flexible, absorbing and dynamic (always
changing); change is welcomed
32. What Cross Cultural
Psychologists Do
Establish and conceptualize the main culture's
features in terms of cultural dichotomies
• Refers to cultural distinctions –
• this vs. that; high vs. low
33. What Cross Cultural
Psychologists Do
Power distance:
• the extent to which members of a society accept that power
is distributed unequally among institutions and
organizations
High Power Distance cultures:
• expect inequality between leaders and the led (followers); elite
and common folk
34. Cultural Dichotomies
Masculinity vs femininity:
• impacts expectations about responsibility, decisiveness,
ambition and liveliness
• Masculinity:
work/achievement, leadership, productivity, protecting others
35. Cultural Dichotomies
Uncertainty avoidance:
• The extent members feel unconfortable with uncertainty
and ambiguity
Hi Uncertainty Avoidance:
support beliefs promising certainty and expect conformity
Lo Uncertainty Avoidance:
support nonconformity, unpredictability, creativity
36. Cultural Dichotomies
Collectivism vs. Individualism
• Frequently mentioned and studied
Collectivism:
• behavior reflecting primary concern for others and respect
for traditions and values; group norms influence individual
behavior
• Promotes the well being and harmony of the group
Motto: “What's mine is ours” or “Mi casa es su casa”
37. Cultural Dichotomies
Individualism:
• generally defined as behavior reflecting concern for
oneself and one's immediate family or primary
group only -- not the group or society they belong
to
Promotes competition between individuals and subgroups
Motto: “What’s mine is mine?”
38. Sociobiological Approach
Sociobiology defined:
• a theoretical model that explores how biological factors
affect human behavior
• It suggests that culture is a form of existence that provides
for fundamental human needs and subsequent goals
• Impacts our drive to secure food, resources and
reproduction
Survival of the fittest - Charles Darwin
Speaks to cultural phenomenon of competition
among all species
39. Sociobiological Approach
Focuses on the broad social structures that influence
society as a whole, which in turn impacts individuals
Social forces shape behaviors of large groups and then
individuals adjust their thinking and behavior in
response to social demands and pressures
40. Ecocultural Approach
The individual cannot be separated from his or
her environmental context
• There is constant interaction and mutual influence
between individuals and the environment
Global warming
41. Ethnocentrism
Think of it as subconscious exaggeration of one's own
ethnic, national or cultural group in comparison to other
groups (or a distortion of reality)
Narrows our perception of other cultural groups and
countries
• Can make incorrect assumptions and judgments
Being ethnocentric is judging from the position of a
cultural majority
• Values and norms of the majority are accepted as superior
42. Multiculturalism
An individual psychological and theoretical view that
encourages the recognition of equality for all cultural
and national groups
But promotes that each culture has the right to define
and follow their own values, etc.
43. History of the field
Cross culturally psychology is a relatively new field
• It began to establish itself as an independent discipline in
the 1960's
• but has links to
Anthropology
Physiology
Sociology
History
political science
44. History of the field
Primarily developed in the U.S.
• Believes that all psychology is culture and all cultures are
psychological
• Including several minority and ethnic groups in one country
46. Weekly’s Assignment
Due Wed, Feb 8th
Discussion Board Topic
Define “Ghetto” culture
1. Reflect on your definition of ghetto and to whom the term applies.
2. Is it a culture? Justify your answer.
3. Is it just about race? Socioeconomic status? Or something more.
4. Research the historical roots of the word ghetto and to whom the term
referred.
5. Share your thoughts about how the term has evolved.
***
Be sure to answer thoroughly and thoughtfully.
You must also respond meaningfully to at least two of your fellow classmates.
Please be sure to edit your responses before submitting.