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Strabismus assessment OSP
1. ASSESSMENT OF STRABISMUS IN
CHILDREN
AYESHA SARFRAZ
ORTHOPTIST
BSC(HONS.) ORTHOPTICS, FO (CANADA),
MPHIL SCHOLAR (KEMU)
COAVS,KEMU/MHL
2. STRABISMUS!
• Strabismus is a visual
problem in which the eyes
are not aligned properly
and point in different
directions. One eye may
look straight ahead, while
the other eye turns inward,
outward, upward, or
downward.
3. CLASSIFICATION
• Infants: Age <1 year
• Toddlers: 1 year- 4 years
• Children: 5years- 14 years
• Adolescence: 15 years- 17 years
• Adults: 18 years and above
7. Case History
There are three main reasons for taking a history before
beginning the examination:
• To acquired detailed information on the patient’s
symptoms, the probable time of onset and the possible
etiology and information concerning any treatment he
may already have had.
• To allow the examiner to establish a good relationship
between himself and the patient and thus gain the
patients confidence and ensure his cooperation.
• To enable the examiner to observe the patient under
normal conditions that may be helpful when making
the diagnosis and prognosis and deciding upon the
treatment.
8. HISTORY TAKING IN STRABISMUS
• Visual behaviour
– Clumsy? Visually Inattentive? Close viewing distance
• Past History
– History of patching
– History of spectacle wear & Type of strabismus
– History of trauma
– Previous surgery
– Strabismus surgery , Other ocular procedures &
Periocular Surgeries
9. • Birth History
– Age of gestation
– Birth weight
– Problems during pregnancy
– Type of delivery
– Late Cry Syndrome
• Developmental History
– Developmental Milestones
– Motor and speech development
– Delay of visual maturation
10. • Family history
– Presence of hereditary forms of strabismus
– Response to strabismus surgery of family
members
• Review of systems
– Neurologic symptoms
– Other systemic abnormalities
17. Objection to
Occlusion to
rule out
difference of
Vision between
two eyes
Bruckner’s for
Strabismus,
pupil symmetry,
cataract and
retinoblastoma
18. Estimation of Visual Acuity in Infants
VEP helpful in establishing
the presence of cortical
blindness & give an
estimation of visual acuity
OKN is helpful for sneak
peak into cortical activity
for vision assessment
19. Visual Acuity in Pre School Children
Lea symbolsKay picture test
21. Visual acuity in School Children
Snellen charts for school
age children
ETDRS
22. Near Vision
1. Reduced Snellen test
2. Reduced Sheridan Gardiner
3. Reduced E test
4. Maclure book
5. Moorfields bar reading book
6. N series test
7. Lea symbols
31. Motor Fusion
Prism Reflex Test
In babies & young children by using 20
prism diopter Base out and look for the
movement of eye.
Prism Fusion range
By using horizontal and vertical prism bars
in cooperative children
32. Stereopsis
• Lang two pencil Test
• Lang I & II
• Titmus Fly Test
• Randot Stereo Test
• Frisby stereo Test
• TNO stereotest
35. Assessment of Deviation
• Hirschberg test
• Cover test
• Alternate cover test
• Krimsky test
• Prism Reflection Test
• Alternate Prism cover test
• Prism Under Cover Test
• Synoptophore
41. The Cover / Uncover Test…
This eye is exophoric.
42. Occluder is swiftly moved from one eye to the
other.
Allow the occluder to cover the eye long
enough for the patient to pick up fixation.
A prism could now be introduced.
44. Information Gained from Cover
Testing
Manifest Deviation
• Type of deviation
• Size of deviation
• Speed to take up fixation
• Effect of accommodation on deviation
• Nystagmus
• Dissociated vertical deviation
• incomitance
45. Latent Deviation
• Type of Deviation
• Size of deviation
• Rate of recovery to achieve binocular single
vision
• Partial Recovery
46. Different types of targets and
noisy toys could be used for cover
testing in children at 1/3 m
47. Synoptophore
• Fusion slides are used
• Alternate cover uncover test is performed
• Patient’s angle of deviation is measured
objectively and subjectively
48. • To elicit the extent and quality of movement
of each eye
• to determine the presence of comitancy or
incomitancy
• to establish the integrity of the ocular
movement system and their neural pathways.
Ocular Motility Testing
49. • Use a spot light positioned at primary position
of gaze at 50 cm from the patient
• Always remove the patients glasses
• Give clear instructions to the patient
• An audible and colorful fixation target may
need to be used for young children
50. While check for the horizontal versions look for the
following:
• Up drift and down drift of the either eye
• Under action or over action of extraocular muscles
• Limitation (restriction of movement)
• Changes in the size of palpebral aperture
• Changes in the pupil size
• Changes in globe position
51.
52. Ductions are tested monocularly and the
following noted:
Excrusion
Behavior of both eyes
Whether the movement is smooth and jerky
Nystagmus
Change in the position of lids and globe
Effect of fatigue
Torsional movement
Any discomfort on movement
Abnormal head movements
Ductions
53.
54. When testing vertical movements, look for
• Under action or over action
• Globe changes
• Sign of lid fatigue
• Down movement should be checked both with
and without holding the lid
• Check for A/V pattern in straight up and down
gaze
55. • Versions and ductions from the primary
position, into each of the diagnostic position
of gaze are assessed.
• Movements are graded on a 9 position scale
-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
• Zero represents a normal movement
Ocular Movements Grading
56. One held in the primary position and the other:
to each side of the head for horizontal movement
above and below the head for vertical movements
The movement, speed and accuracy of both eyes are
compared and any asymmetry between the eyes is noted
Saccadic Movement
58. Testing of saccadic eye movement s is useful in:
Comparing movement of the two eyes as this may
show slight limitations
Suspected myasthenia gravis as fatigue may become
evident
Suspected internuclear ophtthalmoplegia as
dysmetria may be evident
60. • Also known as the Vestibulo Ocular Reflex,
Cephalic Reflex and Doll’s Head Maneuver
Vestibular Eye Movement
61. • Fast phase is a saccade, the slow phase is a
pursuit
• Move the drum or tape to the right you get
pursuit right for the slow phase followed by a
quick saccade left for the fast phase
Optokinetic Nystagmus
62. head is rotated briskly by the examiner,
first in the horizontal plane and then in the
vertical plane.
VOR will result in eye movements equal and
opposite to head movements.
A normal response will indicate that the
muscle function is not impaired.
Doll's Head Test
63. Clinically, This test can also be very useful in
infants with childhood esotropia where there
is suspected lateral rectus weakness.
64. Swinging Baby Test
• based on the observation of a conjugate
deviation of the eyes in response to head
movement induced by rotation and is useful with
babies who will not respond to conventional
testing.
• The infant is held upright facing the examiner. The
examiner rotates him/herself and the infant
through 360◦ while observing the infant’s eyes.
• Post-rotational nystagmus in sighted babies will
only persist for a few seconds before being
suppressed.
65.
66. • One ear is irrigated with cold water, nystagmus is
produced with the fast phase toward the opposite
ear
• When one ear is irrigated with warm water,
nystagmus is produced with the fast phase toward
the same ear
• COWS
• If you inject bilaterally: CUWDS
Induced Vestibular Nystagmus
67. HISTORY, INSPECTION, VISION ASSESSMENT (VF, CS, CV)
SENSORY ASSESSMENT
MOTOR ASSESSMENT
SENSORY FUSION
MOTOR FUSION
STEREOPSIS
QUANTIFICATION OF
STRABISMUS
MOTILITY TESTING
PTOSIS EVALUATION
SPECIAL TESTS/ ANCILLARY TESTING/ PUPILS
MANAGEMENT
OPTICAL
AMBLYOPIA THERAPY
ORTHOPTIC
SURGICAL
Induced tropia test for assessing visual acuity. (A) A prism is held with its base down in front of the right eye. This
shifts the image in this eye superiorly. In this photograph the patient is continuing to view through the left eye. (B) A hand is placed in
front of the left eye, and the right eye moves up to fi xate on the image, which has been shifted superiorly by the prism. (C) After the
hand is removed, the right eye remains up, indicating that this eye continues to maintain fi xation. If both eyes behave in a similar fashion,
the vision is equal or nearly equal between the two eyes.
Red reflex testing with the direct ophthalmoscope,
which also screens for strabismus and pupil symmetry. (A) The examiner
sits about 3 ft away from the patient. The dial on the ophthalmoscope
(arrow) is used to focus on the patient’s face. The patient sits
comfortably in her parent’s lap. (B) If needed, a small toy can be
placed on top of the ophthalmoscope to get the child’s attention.
(C) Red refl ex results. This patient has esotropia of the left eye (note
the lateral displacement of the left corneal light refl ex compared to the
centered refl ex on the right [arrows]). The red refl exes are otherwise
normal, without sign of a cataract or retinoblastoma.