There were three groups of quality gurus since the 1940s, with Americans introducing quality concepts to Japan in the early 1950s, Japanese developing new approaches in response in the late 1950s, and Western gurus following Japanese success in the 1970s-1980s. Dr. Joseph Juran developed the quality trilogy of quality planning, control, and improvement. He emphasized ongoing quality improvement through small, project-based improvements across an organization and concentrating on both external and internal customers. Juran's 10 steps for quality improvement focused on building awareness, setting goals, training, carrying out projects, and maintaining momentum.