Surgeons are doing surgeries because of normal blood clotting and wound healing. Suppose if your patient’s blood doesn’t clot properly and you come to know this only on the table, it would be a nightmare to any surgeon irrespective of their subspecialty. In this PPT, I am discussing about how to handle a patient with bleeding diathesis during and after surgery. Indeed it is a challenging and fascinating problem. I hope you will enjoy the video. You can watch all my teaching videos in the following links: surgicaleducator.blogspot.com; youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator.
2. SURGERY IN BLEEDING
DIATHESIS
Introduction
Physiology Of Hemostasis
Pre-op Evaluation
Cases Managed
Common Bleeding Disorders
Surgery In Hemophiliacs
Clinical vignettes
PLAN
3. SURGERY IN BLEEDING
DIATHESIS
A challenging & fascinating problem
Pre-existing hemostatic defects can be detected
with proper H&P and screening lab tests
Occasionally the first sign of the defect would be
excessive intra-op bleeding
Nightmare to any surgeon
6. PHYSIOLOGY OF
HEMOSTASIS
VESSEL WALL RESPONSE
- Intact endothelium maintain fluidity of blood
- Endothelial disruption initiates hemostasis
PLATELET ACTIVITIES
- Adhesion to denuded endothelium by VWBF
- Aggregation into an unstable mass by
fibrinogen&Thromboxane A2
11. PRE-OPERATIVE
EVALUATION
Thorough personal medical history, family history& drug
ingestion history
Physical Exam:
Skin: Petechiae Thrombocytopenia
Ecchymosis & Hematomas Platelet dysfunction
Joints: Hemarthrosis severe coagulation defect
Organomegaly: Hepatomegaly Coagulopathy of Cirrhosis
Spleenomegaly Possible thrombocytopenia
15. CASE NO: 1
2 Yrs old 1st born male child was brought with obstructed RIH
H/O Epistaxis & easy bruisability
Ear boring ceremony resulted in prolonged bleeding
Emergency, so extensive workup was not done
Emergency herniotomy was done
17. CASE NO: 1
Only B.T. was prolonged
Provisional Diagnosis: Functional Platelet problem
-Thrombocytopathy
Emergency Herniotomy with 200 ml of fresh whole blood
Readmitted after 10 days for prolonged bleeding from a small
cut to upper lip
Managed by multiple WB transfusions
19. CASE NO: 1
PLATELET FUNCTION TESTS:
-Invivo Platelet Adhesion10.8%
-ADP Aggregation Absent
Aggregometer Studies
-ADP No Aggregation
-Collagen No Aggregation
Thrombin Time 8sec
Blood group B+ve
20. CASE NO: 1
Normal Platelet count&morphology
Normal Clotting tests
Prolonged Bleeding Time
Absent Platelet Aggregation with ADP and Collagen
Absent Clot Retraction
GLANZMAN`S THROMBASTHENIA
21. CASE NO: 2
11 yrs old boy with no known H/O any bleeding diathesis
underwent emergency appendicectomy
He started oozing from the operated site in immediate post-
operative period
In subsequent interrogation parents came out with the H/O
ingestion of aspirin tablet by the boy
Labs: BT- prolonged; PT, PTT- Normal; Platelet count- Normal
Since this is a functional disorder of Platelets(Thrombocytopathy)
the boy was treated with Platelet concentrate
22. CASE NO: 3
4 yrs old boy was brought with pain abdomen and fever for 1 day
O/E: Abdomen- diffuse tenderness with rigidity
AXR- erect revealed free gas under diaphragm
Boy is a known Hemophiliac
Laparotomy and ileal perforation closure was done with Anti
hemophilic factor
On 2nd POD boy was oozing from the surgical site. So factor8
assay was done in hematology lab and dose of AHF was adjusted.
23. CASE NO: 4
5 yrs old boy with a H/O fall over cycle bar presented with
retention of urine
O/E: Drop of blood at uretheral meatus, perineal hematoma and
extravasation of urine were present
Emergency SPC was done after confirming rupture urethra with
Retrograde urethrogram
The next day the boy started bleeding from SPC site
On subsequent interrogation parents told the boy is a known
Hemophiliac
He was managed with AHF
24. Hematological Disorders Commonly
Encounter by surgeons
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopathy
Hemophilia- A
Hemophilia- B- Christmas disease
Von Willebrand Disease
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Liver Disease– Factor vii & x deficiency
26. THROMBOCYTOPATHY
Functional Platelet Abnormality
Acquired due to drugs like Aspirin and Uremia
Inherited Defective Platelet adhesion Bernard Soulier
Syndrome
Defective Platelet aggregation Glanzman’s
Thrombasthenia
Labs: BT- Prolonged; PC,PT,PTT Normal
Ecchymosis & Epistaxis Superficial hemorrhage
Treatment: Platelet concentrates
27. HEMOPHILIA- A
Factor viii procoagulant deficiency
Sex linked recessive inheritance
Deep tissue bleed & hemarthrosis
LABS: PTT- Prolonged; PC,PT,BT- Normal
Individual factor assay
Treatment: AHF- 1U/Kg raises the level by 2%
For 5 Kg baby 250U for 100% raise
Cryoprecipitate & FFP
28. HEMOPHILIA- B
Factor ix deficiency Christmas disease
Sex linked recessive inheritance
Deep tissue bleed&Hemarthrosis
LABS: PTT- Prolonged; BT,PC,PT- Normal
Individual factor assay
Treatment: Factor 9 concentrates or FFP
29. VON WILLEBRAND’S
DISEASE
Factor viii vwf deficiency
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Epistaxis, easy bruising and prolonged bleeding from
dental extraction
LABS: BT & PTT- Prolonged; PC,PT- Normal
Individual factor assay
Treatment: Cryoprecipitate or FFP or DDAVP
30. Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation
Thrombohemorrhagic disorder
Acquired: Abruptio placenta, septic abortion, toxemia,
Gram-ve sepsis, massive tissue injury, snake bite Etc
Activation of coagulation cascade Microthrombi
throughout the micro circulation
Consumption of coagulation factors, platelets and
fibrin
Activation of fibrinolytic system
31. Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation
Mucosal bleeding, oozing from wound sites and
ecchymosis
LABS: BT,PC,PT,PTT,TT- all prolonged; FDP- increased
Treat the underlying causes
FFP & Platelete concentrates
32. Advanced Liver Disease
Acquired
Factor vii & x deficiency
Epistaxis, Menorrhagia and Hemarthrosis
LABS: BT,PC- normal; Factor x PT,PTT both elevated
Factor vii PT- Prolonged; PTT- Normal;
Specific factor assays
Treatment: FFP & Vitk
34. Surgery in Hemophiliacs
Give Factor viii, dose calculated to bring patient’s plasma level to
100% 1 hour prior to surgery(50 units/kg q12h); Assay daily prior to
dose
For Minor Surgery: Maintain plasma level > 60% for 1st 4days
Maintain plasma level > 20% for next 4days
For Major Surgery: Maintain plasma level > 60% for 1st 4days
Maintain plasma level > 40% for next 4 days
For Orthopedic Surgery: Maintain plasma level > 80% for 1st 4days
Maintain plasma level > 40% for next 4 days
35. Case Vignette 1
40yrs old man c/o bleeding PR
Colonoscopy revealed single polyp in descending colon
Colonoscopic snare polypectomy was done
Postop profuse bleeding+
Labs: only B.T is prolonged; PC,PT,PTT- Normal
Diagnosis& Treatment ?
Answer: Diagnosis Thrombocytopathy due to aspirin ingestion
Treatment Platelet concentrates
36. Case Vignette 2
3 months old congenital Biliary Atresia baby
Was brought with purpuric skin lesions&oozing from gums
Labs: PT&PTT- prolonged; BT,PC- Normal
Diagnosis & Treatment ?
Answer: Diagnosis Advanced liver disease
Treatment FFP & individual factors x & vii
37. Case Vignette 3
3 days old baby was brought with H/O Hemetemesis & Melena
O/E Well baby
Labs: Hb –N; B.T,P.C,PT,PTT -Normal
Diagnosis ?
Answer: Normal baby- No pathology
Baby swallowed maternal blood during labour
and subsequently vomiting the same.
No need for any treatment
38. Case Vignette 4
60 yrs old man a case of ESRD on chronic hemodialysis
Called to see him for profuse oozing from puncture site @ AV fistula
LABS: BT,PC,PT- normal; PTT, TT- prolonged
Diagnosis and Treatment?
Answer: Diagnosis: Heparin overdosage
Treatment: Protamine 1mgm counter 1 unit of heparin
39. Case Vignette 5
12 yrs old girl on chronic hemodialysis for ESRD
Uremia developed because of temporary interruption of dialysis
Developed brisk epistaxis
Labs:BUN-164 mgms, BT>20mts
Diagnosis & Treatment?
Answer: Diagnosis: Thrombocytopathy due to uremia
Treatment: Platelet concentrates
40. Case Vignette 6
50 yrs old lady with severe burns injury became febrile & toxic
Epistaxis, Hemetemesis & melena
Wound Swab Gram –ve sepsis
Labs: BT,PC,PT&PTT,TT- all are prolonged
Diagnosis & Treatment?
Answer: Diagnosis: DIC
Treatment: FFP