IoT: Research, Development, Challenges

IoT
Research, Development, Challenges
Youssef BADDI
Assistant Professor, UCD, El Jadida
Research Member of “Equipe Innovation on Digital and Enterprise
Architectures”, ENSIAS, UM5R, Rabat
baddi.y@ucd.ac.ma baddi.youssef@gmail.com or social networks
https://goo.gl/2nXwZY

Presentation Aims
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 2
The main aim of this presentation is to introduce the fundamental concepts of the
Internet of Things and its applications and architecture models;
Discussing semantic technologies, service oriented solutions and networking
technologies that enable the integration of Internet of Things data and services into the
cyber world (i.e. the Internet and the Web).
Questions, questions, questions …

Sources and links
 http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/blog/IoT-Agenda/Security-risks-from-the-internet-
of-things
 http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT
 http://www.darkreading.com/endpoint/7-imminent-iot-threats/d/d-id/1327233?image_number=1
 https://iotsecurityfoundation.org/the-iot-ransomware-threat-is-more-serious-than-you-think/
 https://iotsecurityfoundation.org/the-iot-ransomware-threat-is-more-serious-than-you-think/
 http://www.zdnet.com/article/iot-devices-can-be-hacked-in-minuteswarn-researchers/
 http://www.pcworld.com/article/3134056/hacking/an-iot-botnet-is-partly-behind-fridays-massive-
ddos-attack.html

Videos
Intel IoT -- What Does The Internet of Things Mean?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3ur8wzzhBU
Cisco - How the Internet of Things Will Change Everything--Including Ourselves
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_hjAfPJeRA
IBM – Internet of Things
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=df9xAZZ-8zg
Dr. John Barrett at TEDxCIT – The Internet of Things
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaTIt1C5R-M

Business trend
Emerging technologies
Growing IoT Services and Application
Why should I learn about IoT?

01
02
03
04
05
06
Outline
Overview
IoT Characteristics
IoT Components
IoT architecture
IoT: Key Open Issues
Conclusion

Internet of
Things : a new
space for
innovation ?

 Apollo 11 Command Module (1965) had
64 kilobytes of memory
 operated at 0.043MHz.
 An iPhone 5s has a CPU running at speeds of up to 1.3GHz
 and has 512MB to 1GB of memory
 Cray-1 (1975) produced 80 million Floating point operations per second (FLOPS)
10 years later, Cray-2 produced 1.9G FLOPS.
 An iPhone 5s produces 76.8 GFLOPS – nearly a thousand times more .
 Cray-2 used 200-kilowatt power.

Devices characteristics
 Smaller size
 More Powerful
 More memory and more storage
 "Moore's law" over the history of computing, the number of transistors in a
dense integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.

Global Data Generation
 Everyday around 20 quintillion (10^18) bytes of data are produced
(Source: http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata/).
 This data includes textual content (unstructured, semi-structured,
structured) to multimedia content (images, video and audio), on a
variety of platforms (enterprise, social media, and sensors).

Data Generation

Emerging Challenges for IT
 # devices >> # users, and growing fast volume of data (and network
traffic)
 Innovation pressure: analysis, command and control, cost
 Skill pressure: data science, new platforms
 IT/OT collaboration
 Security and privacy threats
 Emerging standards
 New competitors

Sensors

Cyber-Physical-Social Data
18
 Extensions
• More nodes, more connections, IPv6,
6LowPan,...
• Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
• M2M, IoT
o Billions of interconnected devices,
o Everybody connected.
 Expansions
• Broadband
 Enhancements
• Smart networks
• Data-centric and content-oriented
networking
• Context-aware (autonomous) systems
How are the networks changing?

Programmable devices
Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools
Sensor devices are becoming widely available

Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
…
More “Things” are being connected

People Connecting to Things
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
ECG sensor
Internet

Things Connecting to Things
- Complex and heterogeneous
resources and networks

“Thing” connected to the internet

A “Disruptive” Technology
 US National Intelligence Council (NIC) consider Internet of Things as one of
the 6 ‘‘Disruptive Civil Technologies”
(April 2008)
 IEEE ranks IoT #1 in the list of “Top Trends for 2013” (Winter 2012):
“The Internet of Things is more than just the newest buzzword. The IoT
promises to be the most disruptive technological revolution since the advent of
the World Wide Web. Projections indicate that up to 100 billion uniquely
identifiable objects will be connected to the Internet by 2020, but human
understanding of the underlying technologies has not kept pace. This creates a
fundamental challenge to researchers, with enormous technical,
socioeconomic, political, and even spiritual consequences”

Internet of Things: Visions
 Term introduced by the Auto-ID Labs (K. Ashton, 1999): linking RFID-
based supply chain and Internet
 UN (2005): “A new era of ubiquity is coming where humans may
become the minority as generators and receivers of trafﬁc and changes
brought about by the Internet will be dwarfed by those prompted by the
networking of everyday objects”
 ITU: ‘‘From anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have
connectivity for anything”
 EU: ‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart
spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within
social, environmental, and user contexts”

Internet of Things: Visions
 EU: ‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart
spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within
social, environmental, and user contexts”
 US National Intelligence Council: ‘‘By 2025 Internet nodes may reside in
everyday things – food packages, furniture, paper documents, and more”
 Target applications: no limit:
• logistics
• industry/manufacturing (cf. German Industry 4.0 initiative)
• health
• domotics
• ITS
• social networking…
 Intensive standardization and R&D activity

Internet of Things: Definition (1)
CERP-IoT: « The Internet of Things (IoT) is […] a dynamic global network infrastructure with self
configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in business, information
and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among
themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’
about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’s
events »

 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people
that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.

 According to Wikipedia, IoT refers to the interconnection of uniquely
identifiable embedded computing-like devices within the
existing Internet infrastructure. Typically, IoT is expected to offer
advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes
beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a
variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of
these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher
in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a Smart Grid.

 Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart
monitoring implants, bio-chip transponders on farm animals,
automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist
fire-fighters in search and rescue. Current market examples
include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that utilize WiFi for
remote monitoring.

 Due to the ubiquitous nature of connected objects in the IoT, an unprecedented
number of devices are expected to be connected to the Internet. According to Gartner,
there will be nearly 26 billion devices on the Internet of Things by 2020. ABI
Research estimates that more than 30 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to
the IoT by 2020. Per a recent survey and study done by Pew Research Internet
Project, a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users who
responded. 83% agreed with the notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things and
embedded and wearable computing will have widespread and beneficial effects by
2025. It is, as such, clear that the IoT will consist of a very large number of devices
being connected to the Internet.

‘The Internet of Things’ is a concept originally coined and introduced by MIT, Auto-ID
Center and intimately linked to RFID and electronic product code (EPC)
“… all about physical items talking to each other..”
Like RFID it is a concept that has attracted much rhetoric,
misconception and confusion as to what it means and its
implications in a social context

Extending the current Internet and providing connection, communication, and inter-
networking between devices and physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is
often referred to as the Internet of Things.
“The technologies and solutions that enable integration of real world data and services
into the current information networking technologies are often described under the
umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)”

 Formally : a network of networks which
enables to identify digital entities and
physical objects
 whether they are inanimate (including plants) or animate
(animals and human beings) – directly and without
ambiguity, via standardized electronic identification systems
and wireless mobile devices, and thus make it possible to
retrieve, store, transfer and process data relating to them,
without discontinuity between the physical and virtual
worlds” (Benghozi, Bureau, Massit-Folléa, 2008)
 Conceptually : new identities for objects
 “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating
in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and
communicate within social, environmental, and user
contexts” (working group Eposs)
 Technically : an extension of the Internet
 naming system and reveals a convergence of digital
identifiers in the sense that it is possible to identify digital
information (URL website addresses for instance) and
physical elements (like a pallet in a warehouse, or a sheep
in a herd) in a standardized way
 From the user point: a new space for
innovative services

IoT = the future of the internet ?
R&D programs all over the world
• Europe (ambiant intelligence), Japon (ubiquituous computing)
China…
Complementary technological paths :
• Convergence and discontinuities : 1.0 ≈ 2.0 ≈ 3.0
• From bar code to multiple electronic identification devices
• From early B2B to massive applications (animals, health…)
Major socio-technico-economic trends
• From product to services
• From fixed to mobile technologies
• Physical and virtual worlds
• Complex and unstable technological choices and standards
• Attractive technologies : but unknown and badly accepted
Conflicting visions and various questions at stake :
• consistency, sustainability and (low) cost
• Portfolio of technologies, networks and applications
• Incentive and support for innovation for economic growth
• To implement pervasive but non intrusive systems

Types of devices
Automobiles
Locks
Lights
Routers
Security Cameras
Refrigerators
Wearable Technology/Implanted Devices
(Apple Watch)
Thermostats
Home Assistants (Amazon Eco,
Google Home)
Things

Overview
What is a thing?
 We distinguish two classes of things
• Things that are computers equipped with communication interfaces.
• Things that are not computers, but who are associated with computers equipped with communication
interfaces.
What is the identifier of a thing?
 They are several proposals:
• A serial number, such as an EPC code.
• An IP address.
• Other, for example a fix hash value, or adhoc naming scheme.
Authentication
 Is there a need/way to authenticate a thing? In other words is it possible and
needed to prove the identity of a thing.

Overview
 Identity Protection
 Things can be used to track people or objects, which are identified by a set of
things. Identity protection enforces privacy by hiding things identities thanks to
cryptographic means.
 Communication Protocol
 A thing communicates with the Internet network by various interfaces
 Via MAC (OSI2) radio protocols, as defined by EPCGLOBAL
 Thanks the IP protocol, in that case the thing is an IP node, and is natively plugged in
the Internet Cloud.
 Other, for example the Host Identity Protocol
 Things to Things communications
 In some cases, things communicate with other things. If identity protection is
required, the associated infrastructure is complex from a cryptographic or physical
point of view, because classical routing techniques can't be used.

The application domains of the IoT
Logistics
Energy savings
Security and safety
Industrial….

Logistics
 The first commercial application of a
forerunner of the IoT, the RFID is in the area
of logistics
 There are many quantitative advantages in
using RFID technology in supply-chain
management:
 the movement of goods can be tracked in real-
time,
 shelf space can be managed more effectively
 inventory control is improved
 the amount of human involvement in the supply
chain management is reduced considerably.

Energy savings
 Already today, embedded systems contribute to energy savings in many
different sectors of our economy and our life.
 increased fuel efficiency of automotive engines,
 improved energy-efficiency of household appliances,
 reduced loss in energy conversion
 The future: of IoT devices opens many new opportunities for energy
savings:
 Smart buildings: individual climate and lighting control in residential buildings
 Smart grids: reduced energy loss in transmission by the installation of smart grids,
 Smart meters: better coordination of energy supply and energy demand
 Other energy savings:
 Physical meetings replaced by virtual meetings
 delivery of information goods such as the daily paper, music, and videos by the
Internet

Security and safety
 Automated IoT based access control systems to buildings and homes
 IoT-based surveillance of public places
 Smart passports and IoT based identifications (e.g., a smart key to access a hotel
room or a smart ski lift ticket)
 Car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication will alert the driver of
dangerous traffic scenarios

Industrial
 computerized observation and monitoring of industrial
equipment
• reduces maintenance cost
• improves the safety in the plant
 A smart object can monitor its own operation and call for
preventive or spontaneous maintenance in case a part wears
out or a physical fault is diagnosed
 Automated fault-diagnosis and simple maintenance are
absolutely essential prerequisites for the wide deployment of
the IoT technology in the domain of ambient intelligence.

Medical
 The wide deployment of IoT technology in the medical domain is
anticipated.
• Health monitoring (heart rate, blood pressure, etc.)
• precise control of drug delivery by a smart implant
 Body area networks that are part of the clothing can monitor the
behavior of impaired persons and send out alarm messages if an
emergency is developing.
 Smart labels on drugs can help a patient to take the right medication at
the right time and enforce drug compliance.
 Example: A heart pacemaker can transmit important data via a
Bluetooth link to a mobile phone that is carried in the shirt pocket. The
mobile phone can analyze the data and call a doctor in case an
emergency develops.

Future Networks

IoT Characteristics
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Tritani suscipit te mel.
Our Goal
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vis te. Ad nec animal discere.
Our Mission

IoT Characteristics
Ambient intelligence
AMI refers to electronic environments that are sensitive
and responsive to the presence of people (Wikipedia)
the independent & intelligent entities will act in full
interoperability & will be able to auto-organize themselves
depending on the context, circumstances or environment

IoT Characteristics
Event Driven: is to disgn the scheme dependign in the
need
Flexible strucrure: means thats handreds and thousands
of nodes will be disable and will be set to run

IoT Characteristics
Complex access technology:
 Means that there’s several kinds of media such as vehicle stone that
they need different access technologies
Semantic Sharing :
 Is the machine can rend and send by themselves. No need to tell
human beings

The Global Internet of Things
54
Be part of the sweeping convergence of technologies,
markets, applications, and the Internet through the IEEE
Future Directions Internet of Things (IoT) Initiative

Communication Technologies for IoT
1. Bluetooth
2. Zigbee
3. Z-Wave
4. NFC (Near-Field Communication)
5. RFID
6. WiFi
7. 2G/3G/LTE
8. Wibro/Mobile WiMax
9. PLC (Power Line Communication)
10.Ethernet
11.What else?

Internet of Things Module

Topics
Cyber-Physical systems, smart devices, sensors and actuators
Key applications, protocols and architectures
Networks and Communications (Wireless Multi-hop Networks (WMN), Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks (MANET), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN))
Reliability, Security, Privacy and Trust issues and solutions
Software platforms and services
Intelligent Data Processing and Semantic technologies
Connecting things to the Web
Applications, system models, Standards, and Physical-Cyber-Social systems

Communication Technologies for
IoT.
 IoT connects people and things via the Internet
 Uses IT analytics, cloud computing, smart devices and apps
 Built on cloud computing and networks of data-gathering
sensors
 Delivers mobile, virtual and immediate connection
 Makes everything “smart”

Naming and identification
 A well-thought-out naming architecture in order to be able to identify a
smart object and to establish an access path to the object is essential.
 Isolated Objects. The following three different object names have to be
distinguished when we refer to the simple case of an isolated object:
 Unique object identifier (UID) refers to the physical identity of a specific object.
 The Electronic Product Code (EPC) of the RFID community is such a UID.
 Object type name refers to a class of objects that ideally have the same
properties.
 Object role name. In a given use context, an object plays a specific role that is
denoted by the object role name.

Composite object naming
Composite Objects. Whenever a number of objects are integrated to form
a composite object, a new whole, i.e., new object is created that has an
emerging identity that goes beyond the identities of the constituent objects.
The composite object resembles a new concept (see Sect. 2.2.1) that
requires a new name.

IoT Architecture

Architecture for Open IoT Services

IoT Architecture

01
02
03
04
05
What are the major components of IoT?
Sensors/Actuators
Communication between servers or server
platforms
Server/Middleware Platforms
Data Analytics Engines
Apps (iOS, Android, Web)

Technological Components
(some kind of layered architecture)
 Identification (“sensing”)
 (passive, active) RFID tags
 sensor networks
 Communication
 see discussion above
 interface object/network
 embed the TCP/IP stack into the devices (TinyTCP, mIP, IwIP…)?
 Integration
 object and service discovery
 object and service cataloging
 service composition/orchestration
 Intelligence and Collaboration
 Security and Privacy

Identification (“sensing”)
 Ultimate goal: unique/universal Id for naming and addressing individual
objects i.e., to attach an ego to each object, condition to develop ego-
centric applications (cf. Jacob and the Angel (Genesis))
 Naming is difficult!
 ONS: Object Name Service
• basically, RFID tag/EPC code → URI of a description file (Object Code Mapping
Service-Direct Search (OCMS-DS)
• more complex Object Code Mapping Service-Reverse Search (OCMS-DS):
description → EPC code(s)
 Addressing is difficult!
 stupid but tricky issue: RFID addresses are different from IPv6 addresses
(64-96 bits vs 128 bits)
 addressing moving objects is even more difficult

Communication
 From host2host to object2object
 TCP is not adapted
 designed for long-lasting connections while objects (like tags or sensors)
exchange small pieces of data => handshake + congestion
control/retransmit/recovery + flow control + buffering procedures too complex
 Very heterogeneous networks and traffic
 Scalability?
 Quality of service?

Security and Privacy (1/3)
70
A definitive threat for privacy!
A security nightmare!
Security
 IoT = a kind of unsupervised mobile/pervasive grids whose end-
components are resource limited tiny objects = a security nightmare
 memory segments of tags are protected by (short) password
 physical attacks
 Man in the Middle attacks
 cryptographic techniques too CPU-intensive for low energy objects
 multiple administrative domains

Privacy
 all your life can will be traced => possible monitoring, mining, analysis
 connection possible with Linked Open Data => worsen the threats
 open air connections => possibility of eavesdropping
 not only your digital life but also your “analogical” life
 you cannot even know what is sensed about you, when it is sensed, etc. Sensors do not
ask for permission (cf. video surveillance)
 no “forget option”

Privacy (cont’d)
 Basic approach (e.g. EEXCESS EU project, W3C P3P (Platform for Privacy
Preference)
 user defined policy
 privacy proxy
 negotiation protocol
 anonymization/pseudomization
 integration of reputation and trust mechanisms (cf. course on security and privacy)
 Issues
 cryptographic techniques are too complex
 scalability

IoT vs cloud computing
Smart objects that have access to the Internet can take advantage of services that
are offered by the cloud
The division of work between a smart object and the cloud will be determined, to a
considerable degree, by privacy and energy considerations
If the energy required to execute a task locally is larger than the energy required to
send the task parameters to a server in the cloud, then the task is a candidate for
remote processing.
However, there are other aspects that influence the decision about work distribution:
autonomy of the smart object, response time, reliability, and security.

What is IoT: Internet of Tags
RFID
WSN

RFID Tags
 Developed to automate the process of
object identification
 electronic tags (called RFID tags) can be
read from a small distance by an RFID
reader
 An RFID reader does not require a direct
line-of-sight to the RFID tag.
 The RFID tag stores the unique
Electronic Product Code (EPC) of the
attached object.

RFID Tag dimensions
 Since an RFID tag has to be attached to every object, the cost
of an RFID tag is a major issue.
 RFID tags come in various shapes and sizes and continue to
decrease in size
 RFID tags are implantable and implants have been approved
in humans as well as animals.

RFID Reader
The RFID reader can act as a gateway to the Internet and transmit the
object identity, together with the read-time and the object location (i.e., the
location of the reader) to a remote computer system that manages a large
database.
It is thus possible to track objects in real-time
Applications: toll gates, hospitals and large organizations, public
transportation systems, tracking of animals, libraries

WSN
a sensor
a microcontroller
a wireless communication controller
A set of sensor nodes that each contains

WSN node
A sensor node can acquire a variety of physical, chemical, or biological signals to
measure properties of its environment.

WSN node constraints
They are powered either by a small battery or by energy harvested from
its environment,
have limited computational power, a small memory, and constrained
communication capabilities.
Sensor nodes are resource constrained.

WSN deployment and operation
a number (from few tens to millions) of sensor nodes are deployed, either
systematically or randomly, in a sensor field to form an ad hoc self-organizing
network
The WSN collects data about the targeted phenomenon and transmits the data via
an ad-hoc multi-hop communication channel to one or more base stations that can
be connected to the Internet.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Sink
node
Gateway
Core network
e.g. Internet
Gateway
End-user
Computer
services
- The networks typically run Low Power Devices
- Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)

IoT issues
The novelty of the IoT is not in the functional capability of a smart
object
Novelty exists in the expected size of billions or even trillions of
smart objects that bring about novel technical and societal issues
that are related to size.
issues are:
 authentic identification of a smart object,
 autonomic management and self-organization of networks of smart
objects,
 diagnostics and maintenance,
 intrusion of privacy
Safety issues
 Autonomous mobile robots and self-driving cars

Threats
internet integration
Security Issues
DDoS Attack
DDoS attack on DYN caused internet outages across the country
(https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyn_(entreprise)).
Physical/Real World
Ransomeware
….

internet integration
 Guaranteeing the safety and information security of IoT-based systems is
considered to be a difficult task.
 Many smart objects will be protected from general Internet access by a tight
firewall to avoid that an adversary can acquire control of a smart object.
 The IoT should extend the interoperability of the internet to the universe of
heterogeneous smart objects.
 Iot must establish a uniform access pattern to things in the physical world.

Security Issues
Many IOT devices are severely lacking in the security department. Most
lack basic security, and many utilize outdated firmware.
Human Error (use of default usernames and passwords). Allows hackers
to quickly and easily gain access to system.

DDoS Attacks
October 21, 2016 a large scale DDoS attack on DYN servers cause large
internet outages across the United States
Many of the devices in the botnet were IOT devices such as home routers
and security cameras
Access was gained through the use of default login credentials.

Ransomware
 Hackers use the classic approach when it comes to utilizing ransomware attacks
on IOT devices (I.E. Locking the device and requiring payment to unlock).
 For many devices this isn’t a big issue because IOT data is usually stored in
the cloud and devices can easily be reset.
 This can become an issue with medical IOT devices such as drug pumps and
pacemakers.
 Will typically be used for timed attacks when devices cannot be easily reset.

Internet of Things: Technologies and Issues
 Integration of multiple ICT technologies
 identiﬁcation and tracking technologies
 sensor networks
 network protocols (cf. Future Internet
 autonomic, pervasive and ubiquitous computing
 AI, knowledge management, semantics
 Key issues:
 interoperability
 security/trust and privacy
 low resources (=> revisit protocols and algorithms implemented in Internet
and Web)
 scalability

Social and legal issues in IoT
But the life of the average citizen will also be affected by changing the
relation of power between those that have access to the acquired
information and can control the information and those that do not.
IoT devices can be hacked with significant dangers to safety and property

Drivers and uncertainties

The usability viewpoint

THANK YOU FOR WATCHING!
Any questions?
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IoT: Research, Development, Challenges

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