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1. PREPARED BY:-
Karm Balar
ASST. Prof.
S.S.A.S.I.T.
S.S.A.S.I.T G.T.U
SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
Environmental studies

2. VOCABULARY
 Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation

3.  BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
 Biogeochemical Cycles, or Nutrient cycles, is
how elements, chemical compounds, and other
forms of matter are passed from one organism to
another and from one part of the biosphere to
another.
 Types of Biogeochemical Cycles:
 Hydrologic- ex water cycle
 Atmospheric- ex carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle
 Sedimentary – ex phosphorus cycle

4. Biogeochemical Cycle
 Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves
through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and
hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
 A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and
which can be repeated.
 The term "biogeochemical" tells us that biological, geological and chemical
factors are all involved. The circulation of chemical nutrients like carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water etc. through the biological
and physical world are known as biogeochemical cycles.
 In effect, the element is recycled, although in some cycles there may be
places (called reservoirs) where the element is accumulated or held for a
long period of time (such as an ocean or lake for water).

5. ‘Fundamentals’ of biogeochemical cycles
 All matter cycles...it is neither created nor
destroyed...
 As the Earth is essentially a closed system with
respect to matter, we can say that all matter on
Earth cycles .
 Biogeochemical cycles: the movement (or cycling)
of matter through a system

6. by matter we mean: elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) or
molecules (water)
so the movement of matter (for example carbon) between
these parts of the system is, practically speaking, a
biogeochemical cycle
The Cycling Elements:
macronutrients : required in relatively large amounts
"big six":
carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , phosphorous
sulfur

8. Precipitation to
land
Transpiration
from plants
Runoff
Surface runoff
(rapid)
Evaporation
from land Evaporation
from ocean Precipitation to
ocean
Ocean storage
Surface
runoff
(rapid)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Rain clouds
Condensation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Precipitation
Precipitation
Infiltration and
Percolation

9. WATER CYCLE
 evaporation
 condensation
 precipitation
 transpiration
 runoff
 accumulation

10. Condendation
(clouds form)
Condensation
Transpiration
Precipitation
Evaporation
Accumulation
Run-off
water cycle diagram
PRECIPITATION - water vapor
(gas) changing into a liquid or solid
such as rain, hail, sleet or snow
TRANSPIRATION - water loss from
plants when water vapor goes out through
stomates (little openings) in leaves
RUN-OFF - CONDENSATION - water vapor (gas)
changing to a tiny drops of water (liquid) that form
clouds or rain
water moving across the Earth’s surface (stream, river,
gully)
ACCUMULATION - water gathering into an
area (pond, lake, stream or ocean)

11. Hydrological Cycle

12. Water Cycle
 Water cycle is the cycle of evaporation and
condensation that controls the distribution of the
earth's water as it evaporates from bodies of water,
condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of
water.

13. Water Cycle
 Water can be in the atmosphere, on the land, in the
ocean, and even underground. It is recycled over and
over through the water cycle. In the cycle, water
changes state between liquid, solid (ice), and gas
(water vapor).
 Most water vapor gets into the atmosphere by a
process called evaporation. This process turns the
water that is at the top of the ocean, rivers, and lakes
into water vapor in the atmosphere using energy from
the Sun. Water vapor can also form from snow and ice
through the process of sublimation and can evaporate
from plants by a process called transpiration.

14. Evaporation from water surface and
transpiration from plant
Condensation and formation of
clouds precipitations
Collection of underground water and
runoff
Water enter the water body again evaporates
solar energy and cycle continues

16. 1Water withdrawal from streams, lakes and groundwater.
(salt water intrusion and groundwater depletion)
2Clear vegetation from land for agriculture, mining, road
and building construction. (nonpoint source runoff
carrying pollutants and reduced recharge of groundwater)
3Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO2, NO3,
PO4) and destroying wetlands (natural filters).
4Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and
increasing soil erosion.

17. CARBON CYCLE
Use the next diagram to help you
define the relationship of the
following terms to the carbon cycle.
 respiration
 photosynthesis
 decomposition
 combustion
 erosion

18. Carbon cycle:-
 Carbon is another nutrient that all organisms need. In
fact, it is the basic building block of all living
 things. Like water, carbon moves through an
ecosystem in a cycle. Here is how the cycle works.
 Carbon is present in the atmosphere as carbon
dioxide. Water also contains carbon dioxide as it
 can dissolve it. Producers (plants and algae) use it to
perform photosynthesis and make food. Now the
 carbon is in the producers. Herbivores eat the plants
and carnivores eat the herbivores. Now the
 carbon is in animals. Both plants and animals respire.
Their respiration returns carbon dioxide to the

19.  Plants in water need carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis and release
oxygen. Fish use the
 oxygen to breathe and the plants for food. Thus, fish depend on the carbon
dioxide cycle.
 CO2
 photosynthesis
 cellular
 respiration
 CO CO2 2 oil
 gas
 decomposition absorption
 emissions
 deforestation
 CARBON CYCLE
 Photosynthesis
 CO + H O CH O + O sunlight
 2 chlorophyll 2 2
 Cellular Respiration
 CH O + O CO + H O 2 2 2 2

20. Slide 36Slide 36Slide 36
photosynthesis aerobic
respirationTerrestrial
rocks
Soil water
(dissolved
carbon)
Land food webs
producers,
consumers,
decomposers,
detritivores
Atmosphere
(most carbon is in carbon dioxide)
Peat,
fossil fuels
combustion of wood (for
clearing land; or for fuel
sedimentation
volcanic action
death, burial, compaction
over geologic timeleaching
runoff
weathering
Figure 4-29b
Page 79
Combustion
of fossil
fuels

21. Carbon Cycle

22. NITROGEN CYCLE
Simplified
 Use the diagram to help you define the
relationship of the following terms to the
nitrogen cycle.
 free N2 bank
 nitrogen fixation
 nitrates
 organisms
 organic material
 denitrification

23. Nitrogen Cycle
 Nitrogen cycle the continuous sequence of natural
processes by which nitrogen in the atmosphere
and nitrogenous compounds in the soil are
converted, as by nitrification and nitrogen fixation,
into substances that can be utilized by green
plants and then returned to the air and soil as a
result of denitrification and plant decay.

24. Nitrogen Cycle
 Nitrogen fixation:
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrogenous compounds by bacteria (Rhizobia) found
in the root nodules of legumes and certain other
plants, and in the soil.
 Assimilation:
Plants take nitrogen from the soil, by absorption
through their roots in the form of their nitrate ions or
ammonium ions. All nitrogen obtained by animals can
be traced back to the eating of plants.

25. Nitrogen Cycle
 Nitrogen fixation:
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrogenous compounds by bacteria (Rhizobia) found
in the root nodules of legumes and certain other
plants, and in the soil.
 Assimilation:
Plants take nitrogen from the soil, by absorption
through their roots in the form of their nitrate ions or
ammonium ions. All nitrogen obtained by animals can
be traced back to the eating of plants.

26. Sources
 Lightning
 Inorganic fertilizers
 Nitrogen Fixation
 Animal Residues
 Crop residues
 Organic fertilizers

27. Mineralization or Ammonification
 Decomposers: earthworms, termites, slugs,
snails, bacteria, and fungi
 Uses extracellular enzymes initiate
degradation of plant polymers
 Microorganisms uses:
 Proteases, lysozymes, nucleases to degrade
nitrogen containing molecules

28. • Plants die or bacterial cells lyse release of
organic nitrogen
• Organic nitrogen is converted to inorganic
nitrogen (NH3)
• When pH<7.5, converted rapidly to NH4
• Example:
Urea NH3 + 2 CO2

29. Immobilization
 The opposite of mineralization
 Happens when nitrogen is limiting in the
environment
 Nitrogen limitation is governed by C/N ratio
 C/N typical for soil microbial biomass is 20
 C/N < 20 Mineralization
 C/N < 20 Immobilization

30. Microorganisms fixing
 Azobacter
 Beijerinckia
 Azospirillum
 Clostridium
 Cyanobacteria
 Require the enzyme
nitrogenase
 Inhibited by oxygen
 Inhibited by ammonia
(end product)

31. Nitrogen
Cycle

32. Phosphorus Cycle
 The phosphorus cycle is the process in which phosphorus
travels from its main source of rocks through ecosystems
to living organisms.
 Phosphate Mining
Phosphate rock is found from 15-50ft below the ground in a
phosphate matrix. The matrix is comprised of phosphate
pebbles, sand, and clay. The sandy layer is removed by
electrically operated drag lines. Then high pressure water
guns turn the sandy layer into a mixture called slurry. The
slurry is then sent to a processing facility. After the
phosphate is collected it is use for common human
products, such as fertilizer.

33. Phosphorus Cycle
 Excretion
Animals are a key element in the phosphorous
cycle. They consume plants containing
phosphorous and then excrete. The excrement is
then turned into run-off in water and decomposed
in either the ground or nearby water bodies by
decomposers.
 Decomposition
Organic material breaks down, returning organic
phosphorus to the soil as inorganic phosphorus.
The inorganic phosphorus then enters the oceans
through runoff and erosion of rocks containing
phosphorus.

34. IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHOROUS
CYCLE
• 1.Phosphorous is an essential nutrient of both plants
and animals.
• 2. It is part of DNA molecules which carry genetic
information.
• 3. It is part of ATP and ADP) that store chemical
energy for use by organisms in cellular respiration.
• 4. Forms phospholipids in cell membranes of plants
and animal cells.
• 5. Forms bones, teeth, and shells of animals as
calcium phosphate compounds.

35. Phosphorus
Cycle

36. Sulfur Cycle
 Sulfur cycle is the natural cycle which includes
the mineralization of organic sulfur to sulfide,
oxidation of this to sulfate, and reduction of this to
sulfide followed by microbial incorporation of this
into organic compounds.

37. Sulfur Cycle
 The sulfur cycle includes both gases and solids.
 Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is released into the
atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, hot springs ,
and the anaerobic decay of sulfur-containing
biological material in swamps, bogs, and tidal flats.
 Certain marine algae produce dimethyl sulfide,
(CH3)2S, a volatile compound that enters the
atmosphere as tiny droplets.
 The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil
releases sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.

39. HUMAN IMPACTS TO SULFUR
CYCLE
Approximately 1/3 of all sulfur emitted into
atmosphere comes from human activities.
 1. Burning sulfur containing coal and oil to
produce electric power (SOx = acid deposition).
 2. Refining petroleum – (SOx emissions)
 3. Smelting to convert sulfur compounds of
metallic minerals into free metals (Cu, Pb, Zn)
 4. Industrial processing.

40. 1Sulfur is a component of most proteins and some vitamins.
2Sulfate ions (SO4 2- ) dissolved in water are common in
plant tissue. They are part of sulfur-containing amino acids
that are the building blocks for proteins.
3Sulfur bonds give the three dimensional structure of amino
acids.
4Many animals, including humans, depend on plants for
sulfur-containing amino acids.

41. The Oxygen cycle