Grignon Energie Positive: An innovative ecological intensification project for society and the planet.

An innovative ecological intensification
project for society and the planet.
« La mission de l’humanité, c’est de transformer l’énergie solaire en conscience. »
(Humanity’s mission is to transform solar energy into awareness.)
Patrick Viveret, French philosopher

Table of contents

INTRODUCTION to the Grignon Energie Positive REDUCING the Grignon farm fossil fuel consumptions
programme............................................page 1 and greenhouse gas emissions ................... page 13
Origins and context of the programme............................ page 2
Adapting the production system .................................. page 14
A multi-party project................................................. page 3
A distinct improvement in the energetic and carbon
Presentation of the Grignon farm .................................. page 4 performance of milk production ................................. page 15
More mitigated results for cash crops ........................... page 16
ASSESSING the Grignon farm fossil fuel consumptions An example of innovation: Chaff harvest ...................... page 17
and greenhouse gas emissions .....................page 5 The production of renewable energy with miscanthus ....... page 18
Our sustainability ambition and goals: The “3 Ps” hat trick .. page 6 The production of renewable energy using
Results of the 1st carbon and energy assessment of the farm biomethanization and photovoltaic .............................. page 19
in 2006 ................................................................. page 7 Beyond fossil fuel and greenhouse gas .......................... page 20
Results put into perspective ........................................ page 8
Precise environmental accounting ................................ page 9
INFORMING the professionals, the general public and
MEASURING the Grignon farm fossil fuel consumptions the future generation ............................. page 21
and greenhouse gas emissions ................... page 10 Communicating positively towards the professionals ......... page 22
Measuring crops’ nitrous oxide emissions ........................ page 11 An innovative way of communicating to the
general public ........................................................ page 23
Measuring cows’ enteric methane emissions .................... page 12

Introduction to the
Grignon Energie Positive programme

Page 1

project for society and the planet. Introduction Assessing Measuring Reducing Informing

Origins and context of the programme

society

It is time to take action, to show that a both productive and
sustainable agriculture is possible.
Page 2


A multi-party project
The Grignon Energie Positive programme (GE+) takes place at AgroParistech’s experimental
farm near Paris, in partnership with private and public companies.

Board of directors: Olivier
Lapierre (Director of Céréopa
and Professor at
Céréopa, consultancy arm of AgroParisTech), Thierry Doré
AgroParisTech, Europe’s leading AgroParisTech with high expertise (Professor at AgroParisTech and
Institute of research, education and in economic and environmental researcher at INRA*), Bernard
technology for Agriculture, Food and modelling and assessment of de Franssu (Director of the
The experimental farm at
Environmental Sciences. agro-food systems. Grignon Farm).
Grignon, used by researchers
and students to experiment with Operations team: Marion Barral
new technologies in order to (Communications Project
meet key issues in agriculture. Manager), Dominique Tristant
(Technical Project Manager),
Sophie Carton, Yves Python
(Project Executives).
Scientific board: Philippe
Schmidely (Researcher in animal
nutrition), Benoît Gabrielle
(Researcher in crop production),
Jean-Pierre Henry (Researcher
in ecology), Thierry Bonaudo
Private and public partners. (Researcher in animal
production).

* INRA: French institute for agronomic research

Page 3


Presentation of the Grignon farm
The Grignon farm benefits from an exceptional scientific
environment. INRA (French institute for agronomic
research) researchers and AgroParisTech students
LOCATION experiment all year long with innovative solutions that will
40 km South-West from Paris. 546 hectares. be part of tomorrow’s agriculture.
The diversity of the Grignon farm enables the study of
different productions and their complex interactions.
CATTLE Consisting of three parts separated by up to 30 km, the
farm offers a unique opportunity to study the
120 dairy cows > 1,2
environmental impacts of farming practices in different
million L milk/year.
areas. With its cows producing 10,000 litres of milk/year
500 meat ewes. and wheat yields reaching 9 tons/ha in 2008, it is a
showcase for a both productive and environmentally
CROPS performing agriculture using the means of ecological
Cereals, fodder intensification. In addition to that, the production of
crops, grassland, yoghurts, milk and cream on the farm enables the study
energetic crops. of the environmental impacts of whole food chains,
instead of being limited to the farm boundaries. Last but
DIRECT not least, its location on the outskirts of Paris makes it a
SELLING life-size educational tool for the general public and
Shop on the farm. schools.

PROCESSING AND EDUCATION
10 000 visitors/year:
CONDITIONNING schools, students,
Bottled milk, yoghurts and cream. general public,
professionals.
Page 4

Assessing the Grignon farm fossil fuel
consumptions and greenhouse gas
emissions

Page 5


Our sustainability ambition and goals:
The “3 P's” hat trick

PerfAgroP3, a simulation tool to assess
the “3 P's” at the scale of a farm

PerfAgroP3 models all the different types of
productions of the farm and their interactions. It
enables the assessment of different technical
solutions and their impacts on profit (economic
margin), fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas
The performance triangle emissions and food production (calories and
proteins).
In Grignon we believe that environmental performance must rhyme with economic
performance to be legitimate. In terms of environmental performance, our objective is to
reduce the farm's carbon emissions as much as possible through agronomic means and to
compensate locally (on the farm and its surroundings) the emissions we cannot eliminate.
We also aim at becoming a positive energy farm, that is to say a farm that produces more
energy than it actually consumes. Therefore we will be able to produce energy for society.
But we also think that progress towards environmental sustainability should not disengage
agriculture from production. The recent hunger crisis and the world demographic growth are
Example: Simulation with PerfAgroP3 of the introduction of three
signals of a future where food scarcity in both developing and developed countries will be a different solutions on the Grignon farm
major issue in the forthcoming decades. Therefore we believe that the first mission of
agriculture should always be to produce food.
Page 6


Results of the 1st carbon and energy
assessment of the farm in 2006

The fossil fuel consumptions and greenhouse gas
emissions assessment of the farm was done in 2006,
with the farm data from 2005 and the bilan Planète
methodology and references.
This study gave the following results:
17 millions MJ fossil fuel consumption, which is
the equivalent of the average consumption of
100 persons ;
2,600 tons CO2 -eq, which corresponds to the
emissions of 440 persons.

Page 7


Results put into perspective...

These figures correspond to: The Grignon farms feeds:

The fossil fuel consumption of 100 persons ; 7,500 persons (proteins*) ;
The greenhouse gas emissions of 440 persons. 9,500 persons (calories*).
*Calculated using FAO nutritional references.

Page 8


Precise environmental accounting
In order to improve our assessments, we have developed the environmental performance
dashboard. This original tool traces all the incoming and outgoing flows on the farm. It is made of
three modules:

1 The "references" module: It is made of all the impact
coefficients that we use for our assessments. They come
from different scientific sources and are regularly updated.

2 The "flows" module: It contains the monthly data of the
energy and matter flows of the farm.

3 The "crop management system" module: It contains all
the technical information about the crop management on
the farm.

The outputs of the environmental performance
dashboard are:
Crops: MJ or kg CO2 per ton and per ha.
Cowshed: MJ or kg CO2 per L of milk and per kg of meat.
Sheepfold and dairy: MJ or kg CO2 per € of activity
turnover or per kg of final product.

Page 9

Measuring the Grignon farm fossil fuel
emissions

Page 10


Measuring crops' nitrous oxide emissions
Due to the lack of reliable data on greenhouse gas emissions, a system enabling the measurement of crops' nitrous oxide
(N2O) emissions was set up in Grignon.

Experimental protocol:

A hermetic chamber Three air samples are made while N2O is The concentration gradient indicates
is laid on the accumulating in the chamber. the soil N2O emissions dynamic.
ground.

Concentration

Gradient
Time
N2O emitted by the soil is trapped in the The samples are analysed in
chamber. Its concentration grows with time. order to determine the N2O
concentration.

Meadow 2008
Meadow 2009
Wheat 2009 First results :
Alfafa 2008
Alfafa 2009 The first results of the N2O emissions
Wheat 2008
Winter barley 2009 measurements on different crops in the
Maize 2008
Spring barley 2009
Grignon farm are coherent with the IPCC
Switchgrass 2008 and INRA (French institute for agronomic
Switchgrass 2009
research) bibliography data.
Miscanthus 2008 Winter barley 2008
Miscanthus 2009 Maize 2009

Crops
Forest
Chambers
N20 (%) in total nitrogen loss Page 11


Measuring cows’ enteric methane emissions
Over the last few months we have been testing equipment designed for the measurement of cows’ enteric methane emissions. This equipment is
now fully operational. Coupled with a system that measures cows’ individual daily feed ingestion, it offers the opportunity to test the effect of
different diets on cows’ enteric methane emissions.

The method we have selected consists of the measurement
of enteric CH4 emissions using a trace gas, SF6. This method
was developed by an American research team and its
reliability is now recognised by the scientific community.

Methodology: Illustrations:
1. The animal ingests a capsule (picture 1) that emits SF6
with a continuous flow. SF6 is a greenhouse gas also
referred to as "sulphur hexafluoride". Its global warming
potential is 22,800 times that of CO2 when compared over
a 100 year period. Once located in the cow’s rumen, the
capsule remains active for 4 to 6 months.
2. A PVC vacuum tube (picture 2) is fixed around the cow’s
neck.
3. The tube is then connected to a capillary tube (3a). This
capillary tube reaches a filter located just above the cow’s
nostrils (3b). The depression effect sucks in the gas
eructed by the animal (blue arrow). After 24 hours, the air
sample contained in the PVC tube is collected and is then The first cattle feed trials are not complete yet, hence the results cannot be communicated at this
analysed to determine the SF6 and CH4 concentrations. stage of research.

Page 12

Reducing the Grignon farm fossil fuel
emissions

Page 13


Adapting the production system
After the initial carbon and energy assessment, different technical solutions were simulated with PerfAgro P3 (see page 6). The most efficient
of them were selected and have been implemented on the farm since 2007.

Introduction of more legumes in the
Keeping a high production level crop rotation
> to maximise the efficiency of all the > to reduce the use of fertilizers
resources put into the production > to produce more forage for the cattle.
system (cattle feed, electricity for
the cowshed and the milking
machine, etc.).
Minimal soil work whenever
possible
> to improve carbon soil storage
> to reduce the energetic cost of
mechanization and more
More grazing for non-productive cows specifically of soil work.
> to take advantage of a low-energy
feed when the cows' nutritional
needs are lower. Test (3 ha) of energetic
crops (switchgrass and
miscanthus)
Cereal chaff harvest > to produce renewable
> to reduce weeding energy.
(see page 16)
Increase in cattle feed energetic > to facilitate the
density with products like rape cake
implementation of
(which fat also has the ability to
minimal soil work.
reduce cows’ enteric methane
emissions).

Page 14


A distinct improvement in the energetic and
carbon performance of milk production
The path to progress An efficiency gained through
cattle feed optimization
- 40% fossil fuel consumption
Others
-17% greenhouse gas
emissions Cattle feed

Effluents transfer
(eq. chemical
NPK)

The improvement of the Grignon yogurt
The peak in August 2007 and the trough in August 2008 are due to the fossil fuel and carbon profile
time-lag of effluents spreading from one year to another. During the
12 months preceding August 2007, there was only one effluent Fossil fuel consumptions
Consommations énergétiques Emissions de gazgaseffet de serre
Greenhouse à emissions
spreading whereas there were three during the 12 months preceding (MJ/yoghurt) (g.éq.CO2 //yoghurt)
(g CO2 eq. yaourt)
(MJ / yaourt)
August 2008. Please note that effluents are counted as negative in our 2006 2008 2006 2008
environmental assessments because their impacts are attributed to the Agricultural stages*
Etapes agricoles* 0,56 0,41 Agricultural stages*
Etapes agricoles* 114 96
crops that use them as fertilizers. Processing
Fabrication 0,62 0,62 Processing
Fabrication 18 18
Packaging and
Emballages et Packaging and
Emballages et
0,64 0,64 41 41
servicesservices
external extérieurs services services
external extérieurs
Total 1,82 1,67 Total 173 155
* *Item includes milk production at the Grignonàfarm and agricultural stages that are necessary to
catégorie comprenant la production du lait Grignon sur place et les étapes agricoles de la poudre de
produce the milk powder that is added to the yoghurts.
lait incorporée au yaourt

Page 15


More mitigated results for cash crops

Global warming index
Fossil fuel consumption

The global greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumptions of crops have increased over the last three

(tons CO2/year)
(GJoules/year)

years. This is due to a very favourable winter in 2006 with good soil mineralisation and as a consequence, very little
fertilizer use in 2007.

Graph. 1

Number of persons Nevertheless, the ability of the farm to feed people has grown dramatically. Fossil fuel
+21% fed (calories) consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by 15 and 23% per person fed.

+34% Number of persons
fed (proteins)

Graph. 2

Others
The structure of the environmental costs of cash crops shows that fertilization is the most impacting item.
Machines
Nitrogen balances are carried out every year in Grignon in order to reduce the impact of fertilization. However, as
Fuel
mentioned previously, the availability of nitrogen for plants is very much influenced by climate. In addition to that,
Effluents we try to apply nitrogen in its organic form rather than chemical form, whenever and wherever possible. But the
Chemical fertilizers effects of organic nitrogen are not immediate, thus this creates a bias in our analysis because we don’t
Fossil fuel Greenhouse gas immediately benefit from our practices.
Environmental costs structure of cash crops
Graph. 3
Page 16


An example of innovation: Chaff harvest
Chaff is made up of glumes, hulls, unthreshed heads and pods, short straw, leaf
material and whole or cracked kernels or seeds from cereal, oilseed and pulse
crops. Weed seeds are also a major component of chaff.
Chaff can be used:
> As combustible material for a biomass boiler ;
> As cattle feed for cows and sheep (option chosen at Grignon in 2008) ;
> As litter, especially for poultry.

PerfAgroP3 (see page 6) was used in 2008 to evaluate the interest Hypotheses used in PerfAgroP3 for chaff
of associating chaff harvest to no-tillage for cereal crops (which Average yield 0.5 to 2.5 ton/ha Use Cattle feed
represent 1/3 of the total crop surface at Grignon). Here are some Differences between the chaff harvest + no tillage option compared to the initial situation
results of this study. Harvesting cost +66€/ha Harvesting time +1hour/ha Herbicide -20€/ha
Prices 2007/2008
Fuel price 0.8€/L Fertilizer price 214€/ton (ammo 26,5) Wheat price 175€/ton

RESULTS 1 With the prices of 2008 (fuel at Economic performance €
0.8 €/L, fertilizers at 214 €/ton), the Initial situation
Variations in economic margin according to Chaff harvest
increase by 21% of the economic
changes in fuel and fertilisers prices + no tillage
Base 100: Economic margin 2007/2008 margin occurs with very few changes
in the crop rotation and the same milk Environmental "Feeding"
performance performance
production.

3 In the 2008 context, the chaff harvesting + no tillage system
2 The more the fuel price
reduces environmental impacts (4% decrease in fossil fuel consumption)
increases, the more chaff harvesting
and increases the number of persons fed (+ 200 persons). This is due to
Initial production Chaff harvest +
No tillage
Initial production Chaff harvest +
No tillage
associated with no-tillage becomes an the fact that chaff is used as cattle feed and as a consequence less
system system
Fuel and fertilizer prices Prices x 2
economically interesting option. forage and more cereals can be produced on the farm.
2007/2008

Page 17


The production of renewable energy
with miscanthus
1 State-of-the-art knowledge (November 2008)
 Crop life length: 15 to 20 years
 Permanent crop rich in lignin and cellulose
 Implantation: potato planter, manure spreader
 Reproduction: vegetative multiplication
 Fertilization: 0 to 100 kg N/ha, P and K often not necessary
or specific planter
 Implantation cost: 3,000 to 3,500 €/ha
 Yields: 5 to 10 tons of dry matter/ha the 2d year and 12 to 20
 Harvesting cost: 40 à 45 €/ton of dry matter
the following years.
 Calorific value: 4,700 kWh/ton of dry matter

2 PerfAgroP3 simulation results Hypotheses:
 Yields: 15 ton/ha on the Grignon plateau, 10 ton/ha in the park
Sensibility study:  Energetic value: 0.28 toe/ton
 The ratio "miscanthus surface" / "Total crop surface" is  Price of the substituted fuel: 700 €/1000 Litres
significantly influenced by the yield and selling price of miscanthus  Price of miscanthus used as combustible: 132€/ton *
and by the price of wheat.
The Grignon farm becomes a "positive energy farm" with 70 ha of miscanthus:
 Implantation costs, paid off over 15 years, do not have an impact
 The economic performance is virtually unchanged (+ 4%)
on miscanthus surfaces.
 The net energetic balance is positive: + 65 toe
 The use of miscanthus as combustible (replacing fuel) compensates about 1,250
We can ensure good growth and good yields of miscanthus with high
tons of CO2 / year
implantation costs (specific material, high quality rhizomes, etc.).
 The farm feeds 6,300 persons

3 Pilot Miscanthus field at Grignon
 20,000 rhizomes/ha planted in May 2008 on 1,5 ha  Major damage (20 to 25% of all the rhizomes) because of birds.
 Chemical weeding but no fertilization  Crop grinding in February 2009, 1st sprouts in April 2009.
 June 2008: Only 10 to 30% of plants grown, probably
because of hydric stress.
Miscanthus et Grignon, April 2009
Page 18
* Taking into account transport and storage loss and a price of 474 € / toe (i.e. 90 $ / barrel) for miscanthus.


The production of renewable energy using
biomethanization and photovoltaic
The biomethanization project at Grignon: Photovoltaic opportunities at Grignon:
A preliminary study for the installation in Grignon of a biomethanization unit  Hypothesis: 1,000 m2 of roof usable on the farm
was done in partnership with Suez.  500 m2 photovoltaic panels
 Investment: 390 k€
Characteristics of the digester planned for Grignon:  Return on investment time: 14 years
 10,000 tons of waste (half farm waste, half urban waste)
 Production of 45,990 kWh / year (4 toe / year) = 1,3% of the total farm
consumptions in 2008
 Urban waste:
 Compensation of 3.86 tons of CO2 / year = 0,2 % of the total farm emissions
□Organic waste from supermarkets
□Domestic organic waste (grass-cutting) in 2008
□ Restaurants grease Photovoltaic doesn’t seem to be very efficient in terms of energetic production
□ Etc. and greenhouse gas emissions compensation. However, it doesn’t use any arable
 Biogas cogeneration: 387 kW electric engine, heat will be used on the land, hence it doesn’t impact the capacity of the farm to produce food (in
farm opposition to energetic crops for example).

Simulation results:
 Economics: 2,250 k€ investment to install the digester and the heat
network
 Energy: Production of 664 toe, twice more than what the farm actually
used in 2008 (315 toe)
□ 3 051 MWh electric energy sold
□ 2 350 MWh thermal energy
 Greenhouse gas: "Compensation" of 1,760 tons CO2 eq/ year which
corresponds to 81% of the total greenhouse gas emissions of the farm
in 2008. The future biomethanization unit in Grignon

Page 19


Beyond fossil fuel and greenhouse gas
The Grignon Energie Positive programme, although mainly focused on the issues of energy and
climate, also takes into account other environmental dimensions: water and biodiversity.

Biodiversity
Water quality
This year a biodiversity follow-up was initiated in Grignon. We regularly use two diagnostic methods to check water quality and pollution
This follow-up is done in partnership with organisations known for their risks on the farm.
expertise in this domain. Our follow-up is focused on three flora and fauna
taxons widely recognized as good indicators of agricultural biodiversity. Aquasite assesses risks of punctual pollution by pesticides. This tool shows
that good practices are used in Grignon and that these practices have to be
Avifauna, in partnership maintained because many visitors come to the farm every day.
Butterflies, in
with LPO1. partnership with Aqualea assesses risks of diffuse pollution by fertilizers. The Aqualea
Paris Natural History methodology was used on 39% of the cultivated land on the farm. For the
Museum. years 2003/2004 and 2004/2005, the analysis showed low risks of nitrate
Meadow and
leaching to water.
field borders flora,
in partnership with
CBNBP2.

We also use the IBEA3 methodology to assess the impacts of agricultural
practices on biodiversity. The first assessment made in 2007/2008
revealed a global positive impact of the Grignon farm on
biodiversity. This is partly due to the cattle diversity (coexistence on the
farm of bovines and 2 breeds of ovine) and to the great variety of
landscapes on the farm territory. However, some practices appear to be
damaging to biodiversity and we are trying to reduce them: fertilization,
deep ploughing, mowing mode and period.
We will soon complete this study with indicators of soil and water
biodiversity.

1 LPO: Ligue Protectrice des Oiseaux (organization for birdlife protection) Page 20
2 CBNBP: Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin Parisien (French organization for botanical conservation in Paris region)
3 IBEA: Indice de Biodiversité des Exploitations Agricoles (Farm biodiversity indicator)

Informing the professionals, the general
public and the future generation

Page 21


Communicating positively towards
the professionals
We have created a technical watch database. It is focused on energy and
climate change issues in agriculture. The database is available to the The GE+ website has an average of 3,000
public on the following URL: visits/month:
http://www.agroparistech.fr/energiepositive/
http://www.agroparistech.fr/energiepositive/PMB/opac_css/
This website is enriched by a quarterly
Content in July 2009: 1400 titles, 2400 authors. newsletter sent to 1,260 subscribers.
Visits (Jan. to July. 09) : 18 000 visits, 84 visitors / day.
This initiative gives us the opportunity to compare our performances to other
projects and data available in the scientific literature. A course for AgroParisTech students about agriculture and greenhouse gas
Benchmark of the energetic cost of milk emissions was created two years ago.
(a) Extensive, New-

Zealand
(b) Conventional,
The GE+ team very often participates in seminars and conferences. They also
(MJ / L milk)

Sweden
(c) Organic, Sweden organise visits to the farm. From January to July, the team has participated in or has
(d) Conventional
intensive, organised one activity per week on average.
Germany
(e) Conventional
extensive,
Germany
(f) Organic,
Germany

Benchmark of the energetic cost of wheat
(MJ / ton wheat)

(a) 50% of optimal pesticides
use, Germany, 1997-2001
(b) Organic farming,
Germany, 2002-2006

Page 22
Basset-mens C., Ledgard S., Carran A. (2005) First Life Cycle Assessment of Milk Production from New Zealand Dairy Farm Systems, Ecological Economics in Action December 11-13, 2005 Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Deike S., Pallutt B., Christen O. (2008) Investigations on the energy efficiency of organic and integrated farming with specific emphasis on pesticide use intensity, Europ. J. Agronomy 28 . 461–470
Foster, C., Green, K., Bleda, M., Dewick, P., Evans, B., Flynn A., Mylan, J. (2006) Environmental Impacts of Food Production and Consumption, Research report completed for Defra by Manchester Business School
Roger F. , Le Lan B., Kanyarushoki C., Van der Werf H., Bras A., Cadoret P., Tirard S., Seuret J.M. (2007) Systèmes bovins lait bretons : Consommations d'énergie et impacts environnementaux sur l'air, l'eau et le sol, Rencontres Recherches Ruminants (3R),
14. Paris, les 5 et 6 décembre 2007 / INRA
Williams A.G., Audsley E., Sandars D.L. (2006) Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities, Main Report. Defra. Research Project IS0205.


An innovative way of communicating
to the general public
Visits of the farm for schools are organised all year long. In addition to that, we develop educational tools about food, nutrition and climate change that we can use
outside the farm (in schools, for special events, etc.)

The miniature positive farm The game "It is good on my plate, for The "yoghurt-bike" exhibit
me and for my planet!" In the yoghurt-bike exhibit, people have to
The miniature positive farm was created for the
Paris International Agricultural Show in 2008. It In this game, children have to create a meal pedal to produce the quantity of energy that
shows the relative importance of each farm that is both nutritionally balanced and low- is necessary to produce one Grignon
activity on the global greenhouse gas carbon emitting. The game exists in three yoghurt. It helps them understand how
emissions and fossil fuel consumptions. A versions: board game, giant school version energy-dependant our food is. It is also an
leaflet explains in detail the solutions adopted (see beneath) and card game. interesting basis for discussion about the
at the Grignon farm to reduce these impacts. solutions we are testing at Grignon to reduce
our fossil fuel consumptions.

Page 23

Ferme expérimentale AgroParisTech de Grignon
78850 THIVERVAL-GRIGNON
Telephone: (33 1) 30 54 57 40 Fax : (33 1) 30 54 53 26
Website: http://www.agroparistech.fr/ergiepositive/
E-mail: grignonenergiepositive@agroparistech.fr

Authors: Marion Barral, Sophie Carton.
Have also contributed to the edition of this document: Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Bernard de Franssu,
Thierry Bonaudo, Thierry Doré, Yves Python and Philippe Schmidely.
Photos: Marion Barral, Sophie Carton, Anne Dessagne, Yves Python, Anne-Lise Jacquot, Philippe Huet.
The authors of this document are the only ones who can be held responsible for its content.

Grignon Energie Positive: An innovative ecological intensification project for society and the planet.

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