2. DEFINITION
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious
phenomena, including feelings and thoughts.
It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the
boundaries between the natural and social sciences.
Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent
properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience.
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6. 1. Experimental Psychology
This branch aims at understanding the
fundamental causes of behavior.
Study basic psychological processes as
sensation, perception, learning, memory,
cognition, motivation, and emotion.
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RESEARCH
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Work mostly in the laboratory and
may use animals as well as human
beings in their research.
Study how people learn everything
from simple tasks such as sitting
upright to more complex things
such as emotions and language
8. The branch of psychology that
studies the connection between the
nervous and endocrine system and
behavior.
2. Physiological
Psychology
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9. 3. Developmental Psychology
Concerns itself with the study of
human behavior in all its aspects of
growth and development
Also known as Genetic Psychology
Involves the development of an
individual in terms of stages.
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10. 4. Personality Psychology
It is study of individual differences
in behavior, the sources the
consequences of such differences,
and the degree of consistency of
characteristics within the individual
across situation and overtime.
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11. 5. Cognitive Psychology
It investigated all aspects of
cognition-memory, thinking,
reasoning, language, decision
making and so on.
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12. 6. Cognitive
Psychology
It investigated all aspects of
cognition-memory, thinking,
reasoning, language,
decision making and so on.
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13. 7. Social Psychology
Study of the behavior of
groups of individuals in their
relationship to other groups
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8. Educational
Psychology
A field of specialization that deals with
learning, motivation, and other subjects
in the actual educational process
together with the practical application of
psychological principles to education
16. Focuses on making the workplace
more fulfilling, and
more productive for both workers and
their employers
Study of human nature and reactions
as related to problems of industry,
especially affecting personnel and
job efficiency.
17. 2. Guidance and Counseling
Psychology
Dedicated to helping people with
educational, job or career, and social
adjustments.
Administration and interpretation of
psychological tests, such as
intelligence, achievement, and
vocational tests.
18. Mostly worked in schools as
schools counselors (more
commonly known as guidance
counselors)
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4. School
Psychology
Work with children to evaluate learning &
Emotional
problems
Look to psychological principles and
techniques for help in answering questions
pertaining to how children learn
better with classmates of about the same
level of ability
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5. Clinical Psychology
Apply psychological principles
to the diagnosis and treatment
of emotional & behavioral
problems.
22. FATHER OF
PSCYCHOLOGY
Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for
Experimental Psychology at the University of
Leipzig in Germany in 1879.
This was the first laboratory dedicated to
psychology, and its opening is usually
thought of as the beginning of modern
psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded
as the father of psychology.
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23. Wundt was important because he separated
psychology from philosophy by analyzing the
workings of the mind in a more structured
way, with the emphasis being on objective
measurement and control.
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24. Famous scholars
1) B. F. Skinner
• B.F. Skinner's staunch behaviorism made him a
dominating force in psychology and therapy
techniques based on his theories are still used
extensively today, including behavior
modification and token economies. Skinner is
remembered for his concepts of operant
conditioning and schedules of reinforcement.
25. 2) Jean Piaget
• Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
had a profound influence on psychology,
especially the understanding of children's
intellectual growth.
• His research contributed to the growth of
developmental psychology, cognitive psychology,
genetic epistemology, and education reform.
26. 3) Sigmund Freud
• When people think of psychology, many tend to think of
Sigmund Freud. His work supported the belief that not all
mental illnesses have physiological causes. He also offered
evidence that cultural differences have an impact on
psychology and behavior.
• His work contributed to our understanding of human
development, personality, clinical psychology, and abnormal
psychology.
27. 4) William James
• Psychologist and philosopher
William James is often referred
to as the father of American
psychology.
• His teachings and writings
helped establish psychology as
a science.
28. 5)Albert Bandura
• Albert Bandura's work is
considered part of the cognitive
revolution in psychology that began
in the late 1960s.
• Bandura's social learning theory
stresses the importance of
observational learning, imitation,
and modeling.
29. Psychological theories
five major types of psychological theories
1) Behavioral Theories
Behavioral psychology, also known as
behaviorism, is a theory of learning based
on the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning.
30. Advocated by famous psychologists such
as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner,
behavioral theories dominated psychology
during the early half of the twentieth
century
Today, behavioral techniques are still
widely used by therapists to help clients
learn new skills and behaviors.
31. 2) Cognitive Theories
Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on
internal states, such as motivation, problem-solving,
decision-making, thinking, and attention.
Such theories strive to explain different mental
processes including how the mind processes
information and how our thoughts lead to certain
emotions and behaviors
32. 3) Humanistic Theories
Humanistic psychology theories began to grow
in popularity during the 1950s. Some of the
major humanist theorists included Carl Rogers
and Abraham Maslow.
While earlier theories often focused on
abnormal behavior and psychological
problems, humanist theories about behavior
instead emphasized the basic goodness of
human beings.
33. 4) Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic theories examine the
unconscious concepts that shape our
emotions, attitudes, and personalities.
Psychodynamic approaches seek to
understand the root causes of
unconscious behavior
34. Biological theories in psychology attribute
human emotion and behavior to biological
causes.
For instance, in the nature versus nurture
debate on human behavior, the biological
perspective would side with nature.
5) Biological Theories
35. CLASSIFICATION OF
PSYCHOLOGY
A: Clinical psychology
o Clinical psychology integrates science, theory,
and practice in order to understand, predict and
relieve problems with adjustment, disability, and
discomfort.
o It promotes adaption, adjustment, and personal
development.
36. o A clinical psychologist concentrates on
the intellectual, emotional, biological,
psychological, social, and behavioral
aspects of human performance
throughout a person’s life, across
varying cultures and socioeconomic
levels.
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B: Cognitive psychology
o Cognitive psychology investigates
internal mental processes, such as
problem solving, memory, learning, and
language.
o It looks at how people think, perceive,
communicate, remember, and learn.
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C: Developmental psychology
o This is the scientific study of systematic
psychological changes that a person
experiences over the life span, often
referred to as human development.
o It focuses not only on infants and
young children but also teenagers,
adults, and older people.
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D: Evolutionary psychology
o Evolutionary psychology looks at how human
behavior, for example language, has been
affected by psychological adjustments during
evolution.
o An evolutionary psychologist believes that
many human psychological traits are adaptive
in that they have enabled us to survive over
thousands of years.
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E: Social psychology
o Social psychology uses scientific methods to
understand how social influences impact
human behavior.
o It seeks to explain how feelings, behavior,
and thoughts are influenced by the actual,
imagined or implied presence of other
people.
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F: Forensic psychology
o Forensic psychology involves
applying psychology to criminal
investigation and the law
o A forensic psychologist practices
psychology as a science within the
criminal justice system and civil
courts
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MAJOR
ACHIEVEMENTS
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
Ivan Pavlov was educated in natural sciences in St
Petersburg, Russia. He was mostly interested in
physiology, and while researching the digestive system
in dogs he made his most famous discovery – that dogs
salivate before the delivery of food.
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Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Considered a founding father of
psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud first
qualified as a doctor of medicine at the
University of Vienna. He went on to work
in cerebral anatomy and his fascination
with the brain developed from there.
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Melanie Klein (1882–1960)
Austrian psychoanalyst Melanie Klein reached
academic fame in the early 20th century for her
work on psychoanalytic child psychology.
Klein’s ideas included a strong belief in the
therapeutic effects of child play – she proposed
that play gave children the chance to express
their experiences and feelings.
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Anna Freud (1895–1982)
• Daughter of the illustrious Sigmund Freud,
Anna Freud also found her own voice in the
world of psychological discovery. She and
Melanie Klein are considered the founders of
psychoanalytic child psychology.
• Freud’s work specifically emphasized the
importance of the ego in serving and opposing
subconscious behavior.
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Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)
• Calkins believed that the conscious self was
intrinsic to psychology, and she invented the paired-
associate technique that studied memory
• She wrote more than 100 professional papers
throughout her career and became the first female
president of the American Psychological
Association in 1905.
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Modern Trends in psychology
The rise of psychologists
Psychological expertise is in demand everywhere
Reworking work
Industrial and organizational psychologists are
helping employers and employees navigate as
COVID-19 reshapes the world of work
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Open science is surging
Open science is becoming the norm in
psychology—a trend spurred on by the
COVID-19 pandemic
Prominent issues in health care
How psychologists are working for
positive change
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Mental health, meet venture capital
Private equity firms are funneling unprecedented
funds into mental health apps and related
interventions. How will this trend affect mental
health care and the field?
50. New frontiers in neuroscience
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Recent discoveries about the biological
underpinnings of human behavior are
helping psychologists find new ways to
improve people’s lives
52. The five main schools of thought in
psychology include behaviorism,
humanism, the psychodynamic
approach, biopsychology, and cognitive
psychology. It is common for modern
psychologists to blend many viewpoints
in psychology into an eclectic whole.
53. IMPORTANT BOOKS IN
PSYCHOLOGY
• 1) Sigmund Freud, The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900
• 2) Charles M. Duhigg, The Power of
Habit (2012)
• 3) Karen Horney, The Neurotic
Personality of Our Time (1937)
• 4) Oliver Burkeman, The Antidote:
Happiness for People Who Can’t
Stand Positive Thinking (2012)
• 5) Carl Gustav Jung, Man and His
Symbols (1964)
• 6) Nicholas Humphrey soul: l Dust: The Magic
of Consciousness
• 7) Rebecca Solnit Men Explain Things to Me:
And Other Essays
• 8) Ellen J. Langer Counter clockwise: Mindful
Health and the Power of Possibility
• 9) George Miller Plans and the Structure of
Behavior
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