The document discusses traffic management in Ulaanbaatar City. It covers topics such as data collection and analysis of traffic problems, formulation of solutions, and implementation of improvement measures. The goal of traffic management is to make traffic more efficient and safer through engineering, enforcement and education. Common techniques include intersection improvements, traffic signals, signage and road markings, and demand management. Traffic data is collected through surveys and analyzed using software to identify congested areas and develop potential solutions.
1. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Introduction To Traffic Management
August 10, 2007
JICA Study Team
August 7, 2007 1
2. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Contents
1. Overview of traffic management
2. Data collection and identification of problems
3. Data Analysis
4. Formulation of solutions
5. Implementation of improvement measures
6. Operation and evaluation
7. Traffic Accident and Safety
8. Summary
August 7, 2007 2
3. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
1. Overview of Traffic Management
What is traffic management?
Rational for traffic management.
Traffic management process.
August 7, 2007 3
4. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
What is Traffic Management?
A set of traffic Engineering, Enforcement
and Educational measures to make traffic
more efficient and safer.
No acquisition of additional land.
Far less costly as compared with road
construction or road widening.
Can be implemented in a short time.
Physical and operational measures.
August 7, 2007 4
5. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Objectives of Traffic Management
General objectives:
Make traffic more efficient.
Enhance traffic safety
Reduce pollutant emission
Specific objectives:
Promote public transport use
Promote non-motorized transport (NMT)
Restrict use of private cars (traffic demand
management)
August 7, 2007 5
6. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Rationale for Traffic Management
Not enough roads to accommodate
growing traffic demand.
Cannot keep constructing new roads even
if fund is available.
New approach that relies on:
Improvement of public transport;
Intensive management of travel demand; and
Traffic management techniques to increase
effective capacity of available road space.
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7. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Management Process
August 7, 2007 7
8. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
2. Data Collection & Problem Identifications
Identification of problem (traffic congestion)
and its location.
Traffic survey.
Various traffic surveys were conducted in this
study.
Opinion and behavior survey.
August 7, 2007 8
9. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Congestion
Traffic congestion occurs when:
Demand>Capacity
Even small excess demand can cause heavy
congestion.
Heavy congestion in
Bangkok, Thailand
August 7, 2007 9
10. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Bottleneck Points
A location where physical or effective
capacity decreases and congestion starts.
Intersection / roundabout
Narrowed road section
Roadside parking
Bus stop
High side friction
August 7, 2007 10
11. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Survey
Objectives: Obtain quantitative data that is
required to identify traffic problem and
formulate solutions.
Type of survey:
Intersection turning movement count
Intersection inventory survey
Traffic signal operation survey
Traffic accident survey
Travel time survey
August 7, 2007 11
12. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Intersection Turning Movement Count
Essential for intersection capacity analysis.
Counted in vehicle and converted to PCU
(Passenger Car Unit) for peak hour.
August 7, 2007 12
13. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Travel Time Survey
To identify bottleneck and low speed section
along the survey route.
Test vehicle runs several times along survey
route and records time at waypoints.
Travel Time Survey Travel Time Survey (Speed)
300 20.0
250
15.0
200
Speed (km/h)
Time (sec)
150
10.0
100
50 5.0
0
0.0
370
640
940
1140
0
140
0
140
370
640
1140
940
Distance (m) Distance (m)
Time-Distance Chart Travel Speed Chart
August 7, 2007 13
14. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
3. Data Analysis
Intersection capacity analysis.
Traffic flow simulation.
Traffic analysis software for PC.
August 7, 2007 14
15. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Intersection Capacity Analysis
A procedure to analyze traffic operation at
intersection.
Helpful to examine critical movements and
overall intersection performance.
Applicable for both signalized and non-
signalized intersection.
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16. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Intersection Capacity Analysis
Input data:
Directional traffic volume
Lane width and movement assignment
Signal timing (for operational analysis of
signalized intersection only)
Analysis output:
[Volume] / [Saturation Rate] for each movement
and overall intersection
A set of critical movements
August 7, 2007 16
17. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Example of Intersection Capacity Analysis
PM peak hour traffic volume Lane width & assignment
AM PM
Max N-S V/S 0.32 0.33
Max E-W V/S 0.40 0.49
Y Value 0.72 0.83
August 7, 2007 17
18. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Flow Simulation Software
A set of computer programs that constructs
virtual road network and simulates
movements of individual vehicle on it.
Performance of network under various road
conditions and traffic demands can be
tested.
August 7, 2007 18
19. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Input Data Required
Link, node and network configuration:
Length, grade, lane assignment, connection,
turn pocket
Traffic control at intersection:
Signalized and unsignalized, vehicle detector
Traffic volume and vehicle properties:
Input volume, turning movement at intersection,
vehicle performance by type, etc.
August 7, 2007 19
20. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Simulation Output
Traffic data:
Number of trips, traffic volume, delay
Congestion data (max and average queue)
Person data:
Person-km, person-trips, delay/person
Vehicle data:
Moving time, delay time, queue time
Energy and environment:
Fuel consumption, pollutant emission
August 7, 2007 20
21. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Flow Animation
August 7, 2007 21
22. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Application of Traffic Flow Simulation
Can be used for comparison and evaluation
of various traffic improvement measures
including:
Intersection geometric improvement
Signalization / Signal improvement
Fly-over
Traffic regulation (lane control, turn prohibition,
parking control, one-way, etc.)
Public transport improvement
HOV (high occupancy vehicle) lane
August 7, 2007 22
23. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Advantage of Using Simulation Software
Several traffic management measures can
be tested and compared with minimal time
and cost.
Various measures of effectiveness (MoE)
can be obtained.
Visual presentation of road network and
traffic operation available.
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24. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Analysis Software for PC
Intersection / arterial streets / network
operation analysis software.
Many package software are available:
Highway capacity software SIG/CINEMA
Passer II/III/IV TRANSYT-
SYNCHRO 7F
SIMTRAFFIC TSIS
aaSIDRA
August 7, 2007 24
25. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
4. Formulation of Solutions
Traffic management instruments:
Intersection geometric improvement
Traffic signal
Transit signal priority
Traffic sign & road marking
Traffic demand management
Parking management
August 7, 2007 25
26. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Management Instruments
Various technique is available and
applicable to regulate vehicle and
pedestrian flows.
Basic rules are:
Simplify traffic flow (reduce no. of movements)
Segregate road users in space and time
Increase capacity in order to accommodate
more vehicles (supply side measure)
Restrain traffic in order to reduce traffic volume
(demand side measure)
August 7, 2007 26
27. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Engineering Solution
What is “traffic engineering?”
Traffic Engineering applies engineering
principles to help solve transportation problems,
and brings into play knowledge of psychology
and habits of users of the transportation
systems, aside from technical foundations.
August 7, 2007 27
28. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Engineering Measures
August 7, 2007 28
29. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Intersection Geometric Improvement
Regulate vehicle and pedestrian
movements at intersection by modifying
intersection geometry.
Basic rules
Make intersection size as small as possible
Keep number of approaches four or less
Make approach angle close to 90 degree
Provide left turn lane if necessary
Provide refugee space for pedestrian
August 7, 2007 29
30. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Example of Intersection Geometric Improvement
Before After
August 7, 2007 30
31. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal – Signal Warrant
Signal warrant determines whether a traffic
signal is required at a particular intersection
or not.
Factors to be considered:
Traffic volume Nearby facility
Left turn volume Traffic accident
Pedestrian volume
V/C ratio
August 7, 2007 31
32. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal – Basic Parameter
Cycle (duration of 1 cycle, second)
Split (ratio of green time against cycle, %)
Offset (time difference between 2 signals with
same cycle, second or %)
August 7, 2007 32
33. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal – Control Mode
Category Mode Technology Cost O/M
Isolated Fixed time Simple Low Easy
Time-of-day
Actuated
Arterial Coordinated
Area Responsive
Adaptive Sophisticated High Difficult
O/M: Operation and maintenance
August 7, 2007 33
34. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal - Coordination
Signals along arterial street are coordinated to
maximize throughput and minimize delay
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35. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal – Control Mode
Fixed Time Time-of-day (TOD) Actuation
Coordinated Area Traffic Control
Traffic responsive/adaptive
August 7, 2007 35
36. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal – Manual Control
Why manual control is not efficient?
Control based on wrong perception
– Minimizing stops instead of total throughput
Effective only for light traffic
– Not effective for near- or over-saturated traffic
Local optimization at best
– Coordination not considered, not network-wide
optimization
Fatigue and loss of attention
– Human nature
August 7, 2007 36
37. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signal – Long Cycle Time
If cycle time is doubled, average delay is
also doubled with same traffic volume
SHORT CYCLE TIME LONG CYCLE TIME
GREEN GREEN
GREEN
RED RED
RED
SIGNAL SIGNAL
TIME ARRIVAL TIME ARRIVAL
August 7, 2007 37
38. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Platoon – Group of Vehicles
In manual control, operator tends to wait for
approaching vehicle - wrong practice!
(a) Start of Green (b) Begining of Green (c) End of Green
August 7, 2007 38
39. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Platoon Profile
Green time is wasted as it is not fully
utilized
Efficiency decreases with longer cycle
Platoon Pattern Cycle Length and Efficiency
Saturation flow level
Vehicles/Unit Green
Vehicles/Unit Green
Wasted
Green
Time
100 120 140 160 180 200
Green Time Cycle Length (sec)
August 7, 2007 39
40. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Transit Signal Priority
Red signal is shortened or green signal is
lengthened to minimized delay of bus
August 7, 2007 40
41. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Signs and Road Markings
Effective tool to regulate traffic
Mongolian standards established
August 7, 2007 41
42. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
5. Implementation of Improvement Measures
Cost estimate and funding
Consultation with stakeholders
Legislation and regulation
Public relations
August 7, 2007 42
43. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Cost Estimate and Funding
Realistic cost must be estimated using
prevailing price of materials, cost of similar
works and inquiry to potential suppliers /
contractors.
Fund must be secured from annual budget,
special budget, or other sources.
Long lead time must be considered for
timely implementation.
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44. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Consultation with Stakeholder
Share knowledge and experience and
collaborate in formulating workable solution
Participants: Driver
(public, private),
passenger, pedestrian,
resident, shop owner,
other government
agencies (national and
local)
August 7, 2007 Stakeholder Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia 44
45. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
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Information & Education Campaign
Disseminate information to foster road
user’s cooperation
Traffic rule campaign
in Hanoi, Vietnam
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46. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
6. Operation and Evaluation
Guidance and enforcement.
Review and evaluation.
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47. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Role of Traffic Police
Enforcement of traffic rules.
Apprehension of violators.
Speeding, No left turn violation
Drunken driving One-way violation
Red signal violation
No parking violation
Traffic guidance and control.
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48. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Control by Traffic Enforcer
Get drivers and pedestrians to obey traffic rules
and regulations – main task
Human signal controller – secondary task
Impromptu new traffic scheme not effective
Traffic police at work
August 7, 2007 48
49. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Existing Enforcement System
Offence is settled on the spot with payment
of fine in cash.
Fine is the revenue for UB City.
Total amount of fine: 500 mil. Tg. for 2006
More amount expected for 2007.
Suspension or revocation for severe
offence.
Offence is not recorded.
August 7, 2007 49
50. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Point System for Traffic Offence
Demerit point is given to driver who
committed traffic offence.
Number of points depend on type of
offence.
Driving license is suspended or revoked if
demerit points reach the certain level.
Training or test is required for suspended or
revoked drivers.
No offence for certain period will reset or
reduce demerit points.
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51. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
7. Traffic Accidents and Safety
High accident rate compared with number of
vehicles.
High rate of pedestrian accidents.
Accident prone locations:
Intersection, roundabout, high traffic volume
Accident prone
locations
August 7, 2007 51
52. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Number of Accidents
Accidents
Year Nation UB City UB Share
2000 5,991 5,074 84.7%
2001 5,212 4,394 84.3%
2002 5,553 4,358 78.5%
2003 5,296 3,892 73.5%
2004 4,803 3,557 74.1%
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53. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Accident Type
Property Damage
Fatality (person) Injured (person)
(mil. Tg.)
Year Nation UB City Share Nation UB City Share Nation UB City Share
2000 338 141 41.7% 1,616 940 58.2% 483.2 215.6 44.6%
2001 335 97 29.0% 1,812 1,078 59.5% 289.7 127.6 44.0%
2002 327 122 37.3% 1,636 818 50.0% 658.3 384.4 58.4%
2003 391 145 37.1% 1,224 692 56.5% 729.9 424.4 58.1%
2004 385 102 26.5% 2,312 1,119 48.4% 354.3 127.4 36.0%
August 7, 2007 53
54. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Accident Type
Type Number Share
Car - car 11,864 55.7%
Car - pedestrian 8,477 39.8%
Immovable facilities 376 1.8%
Overturn 335 1.6%
Fallen passenger 104 0.5%
Car - bicycle 81 0.4%
Car - animal 0 0.0%
Others 68 0.3%
Total 21,305
August 7, 2007 54
55. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Safety Education - Policy
Understanding of importance of education
Curriculum suitable for recipient and local
conditions
Understanding of traffic rule and manner
Participatory approach and hand-on training
Evaluation of effect of safety education
Review of curriculum to cope with changing needs
of society
Consideration of privacy
Coordination with other organizations
August 7, 2007 55
56. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Safety Education – Target Group
Different curriculum for each target group
Small children
Elementary, junior high, high school students
Adults
Elderly persons
August 7, 2007 56
57. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Education Menu
Text book
Traffic safety park
Campaign and parade
TV programs
Training for Traffic Police
August 7, 2007 57
58. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Monitoring and Evaluation
Essential for sustainability.
Indicators
Comparison of “before” and “after” data (traffic
volume, travel time, delay, etc.)
Number and severity of accidents
Number of traffic offences
Pedestrian environment (space, waiting time
and path to cross intersection)
Complaints
August 7, 2007 58
59. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
8. Summary
Effectiveness and limitations of traffic
management measures must be properly
understood (no almighty solution).
Scientific approach must be taken (think
before you tinker).
Concerted and sustained efforts by all
parties concerned is required (never ending
task but do your best).
August 7, 2007 59
60. The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
….END
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