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Race & Ethnicity
Racial Groups
O Racial group
  O A socially
    constructed
    category of people
    who are
    distinguished from
    others by select
    physical
    characteristics
Biological Race
O Biological race
  O Phenotypes
     O Visible anatomical features
     O Skin color, hair texture, body & facial
       shape, etc.
  O Genotypes
     O Genetics inherited from parents
One Drop Rule
Social Race
O 2000 US Census
Ethnicity
O Originally referred to national origin
O Today may also refer to religion, language
  or region
O Based on cultural traits that reflect
  national origin, religion & language
Ethnicity
O Ethnocentrism
O Ethnic enclaves
Minority Groups
O Minority group
  O Refers to a groups access to power and
    status within a society
  O Significantly less control or power over
    their own lives than members of dominant
    groups
    O Fewer life chances
Minority Groups
O Distinguished from other groups in terms
  of where the group is situated in society’s
  social hierarchy
O Social status of group is defined by the
  extent to which the group departs from the
  norms established by the dominant group
  O WASPs
Stereotypes
O Exaggerated beliefs usually associated
  with a group of people and based on race,
  ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual
  orientation
O Generally begin with a particular belief
  about an undesirable characteristics of a
  group
O Often develop out of a fear or when the
  dominant group feels threatened by a
  particular group
Stereotypes
O “Kernel of truth”
O Media
O Rarely a positive image
Prejudice
O An attitude, usually
  negative, usually
  based on racial or
  ethnic
  characteristics
O Harbored thoughts &
  beliefs lead to
  categorical rejection
Economic Theories of
          Prejudice
O Both competition and conflict among
  groups are inevitable when different
  groups desire commodities that are in
  short supply
O Racial prejudice is most present during
  economic turmoil
O Labeling someone as inferior justifies their
  exploitation
Psychological Theories of
        Prejudice
O Prejudice satisfies psychic needs or
  compensates for some defect in
  personality
O Scapegoating
O Projection
Frustration-Aggression Theory
 O Groups who strive
   repeatedly to achieve
   their goals and fail
   repeatedly eventually
   become frustrated and
   this leads to seeking an
   outlet for this frustration
   through displaced
   aggression
Normative Theory
O Schaeffer 2005
O Peers and social influences either
  encourage tolerance or intolerance toward
  others
Authoritative Personality
          Theory
O Some people are more inclined to
  prejudice than others due to differences in
  personality
O Prejudiced people are characterized by:
  O Rigidity of outlook
  O Intolerance
  O Suggestibility
  O Dislike for ambiguity
  O Irrational attitudes
Discrimination
O Overt behavior or actions
O Categorical exclusion of members of a
  specific group from certain rights,
  opportunities and privileges
O Institutional discrimination
  O The continuing exclusion or oppression of
    a group as a result of criteria established
    by an institution
Racism
O The belief that one racial group or
  category is inherently superior to others
O Three components:
  O Belief that one race is superior to others
  O Ideology that justifies the subjugation or
    exploitation of another group
  O Beliefs are acted
Scientific Racism
Racism
O Institutional racism
  O Racist ideas and practices are embodied in
     folkways, mores or legal structures of
     various institutions
Integration
O Ethnicity becomes insignificant and
  everyone can freely and fully participate in
  the social, economic and political
  mainstream
Assimilation
O Individuals and groups forsake their own
  cultural tradition to become part of a
  different group and tradition
Assimilation
O Melting pot
  O Each group contributes
    a bit of its own culture
    and absorbs aspects of
    other cultures
  O A+B+C=D
O Anglo conformity
  O “Americanization”
  O A+B+C=A
Cultural Pluralism
O Multiculturalism
O A+B+C=A+B+C
O “Hyphenated”
Segregation
O The physical and social separation of
  groups or categories of people
O De jure & de facto segregation
Mass Expulsion & Genocide
Eugenics

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Race and ethnicity

  • 2. Racial Groups O Racial group O A socially constructed category of people who are distinguished from others by select physical characteristics
  • 3. Biological Race O Biological race O Phenotypes O Visible anatomical features O Skin color, hair texture, body & facial shape, etc. O Genotypes O Genetics inherited from parents
  • 5. Social Race O 2000 US Census
  • 6. Ethnicity O Originally referred to national origin O Today may also refer to religion, language or region O Based on cultural traits that reflect national origin, religion & language
  • 8. Minority Groups O Minority group O Refers to a groups access to power and status within a society O Significantly less control or power over their own lives than members of dominant groups O Fewer life chances
  • 9. Minority Groups O Distinguished from other groups in terms of where the group is situated in society’s social hierarchy O Social status of group is defined by the extent to which the group departs from the norms established by the dominant group O WASPs
  • 10. Stereotypes O Exaggerated beliefs usually associated with a group of people and based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual orientation O Generally begin with a particular belief about an undesirable characteristics of a group O Often develop out of a fear or when the dominant group feels threatened by a particular group
  • 11. Stereotypes O “Kernel of truth” O Media O Rarely a positive image
  • 12. Prejudice O An attitude, usually negative, usually based on racial or ethnic characteristics O Harbored thoughts & beliefs lead to categorical rejection
  • 13. Economic Theories of Prejudice O Both competition and conflict among groups are inevitable when different groups desire commodities that are in short supply O Racial prejudice is most present during economic turmoil O Labeling someone as inferior justifies their exploitation
  • 14. Psychological Theories of Prejudice O Prejudice satisfies psychic needs or compensates for some defect in personality O Scapegoating O Projection
  • 15. Frustration-Aggression Theory O Groups who strive repeatedly to achieve their goals and fail repeatedly eventually become frustrated and this leads to seeking an outlet for this frustration through displaced aggression
  • 16. Normative Theory O Schaeffer 2005 O Peers and social influences either encourage tolerance or intolerance toward others
  • 17. Authoritative Personality Theory O Some people are more inclined to prejudice than others due to differences in personality O Prejudiced people are characterized by: O Rigidity of outlook O Intolerance O Suggestibility O Dislike for ambiguity O Irrational attitudes
  • 18. Discrimination O Overt behavior or actions O Categorical exclusion of members of a specific group from certain rights, opportunities and privileges O Institutional discrimination O The continuing exclusion or oppression of a group as a result of criteria established by an institution
  • 19. Racism O The belief that one racial group or category is inherently superior to others O Three components: O Belief that one race is superior to others O Ideology that justifies the subjugation or exploitation of another group O Beliefs are acted
  • 21. Racism O Institutional racism O Racist ideas and practices are embodied in folkways, mores or legal structures of various institutions
  • 22. Integration O Ethnicity becomes insignificant and everyone can freely and fully participate in the social, economic and political mainstream
  • 23. Assimilation O Individuals and groups forsake their own cultural tradition to become part of a different group and tradition
  • 24. Assimilation O Melting pot O Each group contributes a bit of its own culture and absorbs aspects of other cultures O A+B+C=D O Anglo conformity O “Americanization” O A+B+C=A
  • 25. Cultural Pluralism O Multiculturalism O A+B+C=A+B+C O “Hyphenated”
  • 26. Segregation O The physical and social separation of groups or categories of people O De jure & de facto segregation
  • 27. Mass Expulsion & Genocide

Notas del editor

  1. Puerto Rico 1950s, 1979 almost 50% of women of child-bearing age1980s nearly 65% of Latina women in northeast USLa Operacion