CULTURE AND CIVILISATION SLIDES

INTRODUCTION TO
THE MIDDLE AGES

MIDDLE AGES (500AD - 1500AD)
PERIOD BETWEEN THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
AND THE RENAISSANCE
A.K.A. THE DARK AGES, THE AGE OF RELIGION, MEDIEVAL
ERA
MEDIEVEL - LATIN TERM FOR MIDDLE AGES

TERM “DARK AGES” WAS COINED BY
FRANCISCO PETRARCH
DESCRIBES WHAT HE PERCEIVED AS A
LACK OF QUALITY IN LATIN
LITERATURE
OTHER SCHOLARS FURTHER
DEVELOPED THE IDEA
CONCLUDED THAT THE PERIOD
LACKED IN CULTURE AND
ADVANCEMENTS IN GENERAL

BARBARIC INVASIONS
(350-800 AD)
BARBARIC TRIBES COME INTO THE ROMAN LANDS TO STEAL AND
TO FIND A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE. SUCH GROUPS INCLUDE THE
ANGLO-SAXONS,THE VANDALS, THE VISIGOTH AND THE HUNS.
SOME KEEP MOVING TO NEW AREAS. SOME SETTLE AND MAKE
THEIR CONQUERED LANDS THEIR HOME.

ROME FALLS
(410-476 AD)
THE ROMAN EMPIRE HAS BEEN SPLIT
INTO TWO SECTIONS. THE WESTERN
ROMAN EMPIRE IS STILL RULED BY ROME.
IN 410 AD, THE VISIGOTH
KING,ALARIC,ATTACKS ROME FOR THREE
DAYS. IN 476 AD, THE LAST EMPEROR,
ROMULUS AUGUSTUS, IS THROWN OUT OF
ROME BY GERMAN INVADER ODOACER.

EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE CONTINUES
(412-565 AD)
EMPEROR CONSTANTINE I HAS MADE CONSTANTINOPLE HIS
CAPITAL IN330AD. ADBOUT 412 AD, PROTECTIVE WALLS WERE
BUILT TO KEEP THE CITY SAFE FROM INVADERS. JUSTINIAN I
RULES FROM 527-565 AD. HE WANTS TO REUNITE THE
WESTERN AND EASTERN EMPIRES, BUT CANNOT DO SO.

MUSLIM INVASIONS HALTED
(741-731 AD)
ALONG WITH BARBARIANS FROM THE NORTH,
MUSLIMS BEGIN TO CONQUER LANDS FROM THE
SOUTH. CHARLES MARTEL, THE FRANK
KING,STOPS THE MUSLIMS’ NORTHWARD PUSH
IN 732 AD.

CHARLEMAGNE RULES
(768-814 AD)
CHARLES MARTEL’S GRANDSON,
CHARLEMAGNE, BECOMES THE NEW
FRANK KING. HE DESIRES TO SPREAD
CHRISTIANITY. AS HE CONQUERS
LAND, HE EXTENDS HIS FAITH. HE IS
CROWNED “EMPEROR OF THE
ROMANS” IN 800 AD BY POPE LEO III.
CHARLEMAGNE DIES IN 814. THE
FIRST CASTLES ARE BUILT AROUND
THIS TIME.

A DIVIDED KINGDOM
(840 AD)
AFTER CHARLEMAGNE’S SON DIES,
THE KINGDOM IS SPLIT INTO THREE.
RAIDS INTO WESTERN EUROPE
INCREASE. IN ORDER TO PROTECT
THEMSELVES, KINGSHIPS ARE
CREATED.

ALFRED THE GREAT OF ENGLAND RULES
(871-899 AD)
ALFRED THE GREAT DEFEATS THE DANES
(VIKINGS) IN 878 AD. IN 886 AD HE CAPTURES
LONDON. HE SIGNS A TREATY, SPLITTING
ENGLAND BETWEEN HIM AND THE DANES.
AS A RULER ALFRED ENCOURAGES EDUCATION
BY ESTABLISHING SCHOOLS.

CITY STATES AND FEUDAL SYSTEMS
(1000-1200 AD)
ROME, FLORENCE, VENICE, AND OTHER ITALIAN TOWNS BECOME CITY-STATES.
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM BEGINS. KINGS GIVE SECTIONS OF LAND CALLED FIEFS TO
LORDS IN EXCHANGE FOR HELP DURING WARS. THE LORDS CAN GIVE LAND TO
KNIGHTS. THE PEASANTS WORK THE LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR FOOD AND
PROTECTION.

FIRST CRUSADE
(1096-1099 AD)
RELIGIOUS PEOPLE GO ON PILGRIMAGES TO VISIT SACRED BIBLICAL SITES. WHEN THE
SELJUK TURKS RULE, THEY FORBID VISITS TO THE HOLY LAND. THE POPE CALLS
FOR A CRUSADE AGAINST SELJUKS. EVENTUALLY THE CRUSADERS TAKE THE CITY
OF JERUSALEM. THERE WILL BE NINCE CRUSADES IN ALL BETWEEN NOW AND 1272

ST. DENIS ABBEY IN PARIS
(ABOUT 1135-1144 AD)
ST. DENIS ABBEY IN PARIS IS REBUILT IN THE GOTHIC STYLE,
THE FIRST CHURCH TO USE THIS DESIGN. THE CHURCH ALSO
USES STAINED GLASS WINDOWS. BY THIS TIME THERE ARE
MANY CATHOLIC MONASTERIES IN FRANCE. SOME MONKS
SPEND THEIR DAYS HAND-COPYING HOLY BOOKS AND
DRAWING BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS ALONG THE BORDERS.

MAGNA CARTA IS SIGNED
(1215 AD)
REBELS OPPOSE KING JOHN OF ENGLAND BUT
THEY HAVE NO RULER TO TAKE HIS PLACE.
INSTEAD THEY HAVE HIM SIGN A DOCUMENT,
THE MAGNA CARTA, STATING THAT THERE IS
NO DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS.

THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
(1337-1453 AD)
EDWARD III OF ENGLAND DECLARED
WAR ON FRANCE SINCE HE FEELS HE
SHOULD ALSO BE KING OF THAT
COUNTRY. THE FIGHTING CONTINUES
OFF AND ON UNTIL ABOUT 1453 AD.

THE BLACK DEATH
(AROUND 1347-1350 AD)
A PLAGUE REACHES THE SHORES OF ITALY AROUND 1347 AD, BELIEVED TO HAVE
BEEN CARRIED BY MERCHANT SHIPS. LARGE BLACK BOILS, OOZING WITH BLOOD AND
PUS, ARE SEEN ON VICTIMS, WHO ALSO HAD FEVERS, DIARRHEAS, VOMITING AND
CHILLS. THE DISEASE SPREADS QUICKLY. ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE POPULATION DIED.

CONSIDERED AS THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES
THE LAST ROMAN EMPEROR WAS JULIUS NEPOS
NOMINATED BY EASTERN EMPEROR ZENO
DECLARED HIS OWN SON ROMULUS AUGUSTUS AS THE
NEW EMPEROR OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
ODOACER INVADED ITALY AND DEFEATED ORESTES
AND DEPOSED ROMULUS AUGUSTUS ON SEPTEMBER
4TH, 476 AD
HE INVITED ZENO TO BE EMPEROR FOR BOTH EMPIRE.
ZENO ACCEPTED WHILE JULIUS NEPOS WAS KILLED BY
HIS OWN SOLDIERS IN 480 AD
THE FALL OF WESTERN
ROMAN EMPIRE
(476 AD)

CHARLES THE HAMMER AND THE
BATTLE OF TOURS (732 AD)
A FRANKISH POLITICAL AND MILITARY LEADER
HE DEFEATED MOORISH INVADERS IN THE
BATTLE OF TOURS WHICH PERMANENTLY
ENDED THE ISLAMIC INVADERS AND THEIR
EXPANSION IN WESTERN EUROPE
HE WAS CONSIDERED THE FOUNDING FATHER OF
FEUDALISM AND KNIGHTHOOD OF EUROPE
HE PREPARED THE GROUNDS FOR THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE

CHARLEMAGNE,THE EMPEROR OF
ROMANS (800 AD)
A.K.A. CHARLES THE GREAT
FRANKISH KING WHO EXPANDED THE
FRANKISH KINGDOM; COVERED ALMOST ALL
OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN EUROPE
DECLARED EMPEROR OF ROMANS IN 800 AD
HE ASSOCIATED HIS POLITICAL STEPS WITH
THE CHURCH AND ENCOURAGED A REVIVAL
OF ART,RELIGION AND CULTURE

TREATY OF VERDUN (843 AD)
AFTER HIS DEATH, LOUIS THE PIOUS WAS
DECLARED HIS SUCCESSOR WHO RULED AS THE
EMPEROR OF ROMANS
ALSO, THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE FACED A
CIVIL WAR BECAUSE OF THE INTERNAL HUSSLE
AT LAST, THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE WAS
DIVIDED IN THREE PARTS IN AUGUST 843 AD
THROUGH THE TREATY OF VERDUN WHICH
ENDED THE THREE YEARS OF LONG CIVIL
WARS

THE OTTOMAN HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
OF GERMANY (962 AD)
OTTO I WAS THE SUCCESSOR OF HENRY THE FOWLER,
THE DUKE OF SAXONY WHO BECAME THE FIRST SAXON
EMPEROR
HE SUCCEEDED IN PROTECTING GERMANS AGAINST
MAGYAR INVADERS
HE CREATED A GERMAN MONASTERY AND THIS
NATURAL ALLEGIANCE OF GERMAN CHURCH WHICH
HELPED HIM TO GAIN CONTROL AND ESTABLISH HIS
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
PAPACY OF ITALY INVITED AND DECLARED HIM AS THE
EMPEROR OF ITALY AND HE ESTABLISHED HIS HOLY
ROMAN EMPIRE

THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS ( 1066 AD)
TOOK PLACE IN SENLAC HILL,EAST
SUSSEX, ENGLAND ON OCTOBER IN
THE YEAR 1066 AD
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR OF
NORMANDY INVADED ENGLAND
AND DEFEATED THE LAST ANGLO-
SAXON KING HAROLD II
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR ESTABLISHED THE NORMAN EMPIRE TO PROTECT HIS EMPIRE THEN
REWARDED ALL HIS NORMAN SUPPORTERS WITH A LARGE PIECE OF LAND IN ENGLAND
HE DIVIDED ALL LAND OF ENGLAND IN MANORS AND ESTABLISHED THE FEUDAL SYSTEM AND
MANORIALISM

DECLARATION OF
MAGNA CARTA (1215 AD)
THIS CARTER WAS CONSIDERED TO BE
THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS THE
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT OF
ENGLAND
RESTRICTED THE POWER OF THE
EMPEROR AND PROVED THE
IMPORTANCE OF A CONSTITUTION

THE GREAT FAMINE
(1315-1317 AD)
DURING THIS TWO YEARS OF FAMINE,
A BIG PORTION OF THE POPULATION
DIED OF HUNGER AND DISEASES
CRIME RATE INCREASED EXTREMELY
DUE TO CANNIBALISM,RAPES AND
INFANTICIDES
BROUGHT UNREST IN PEASANTS AND
MEMBERS OF NOBILITY SUFFERED A
SETBACK

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
(1337 AD)
THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND WAGED
WAR AGAINST THE KINGDOM OF
FRANCE
IT BEGAN WITH THE CLAIM OF KING
HENRY III TO INHERIT THE FRANCE
THRONE
THIS WAR WAS CONTINUED AGAIN AND
AGAIN IN DIFFERENT CONFLICTS TILL
1453 AD

THE BLACK DEATH
(1348-1350 AD)
THE MOST THREATENING EPIDEMIC OF
THE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES
CALLED AS THE BLACK DEATH BECAUSE
OF A SYMPTOM PRODUCED A
BLACKENING OF THE SKIN AROUND
THE SWELLING
HUGE MASSES OF PEOPLE DIED BECAUSE OF THIS PLAGUE AND IT
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER OF THE
KINGDOMS OF EUROPE
PEASANTS REVOLTED AGAINST THEIR MANORS AND ASKED FOR BETTER
TREATMENT

THE GREAT SCHISM
(1378-1417 AD)
SUFFERED FIRST JOLT IN 1054,WHEN THE
CHURCH WAS DIVIDED IN EASTERN AND
WESTERN CHRISTIAN CHURCH
THE WESTERN CHRISTENDOM SUFFERED MUCH
BIGGER JOLT DURING 1378-1417 AD, WHEN
THERE WERE THREE CONTESTANTS FOR THE
PAPACY
THE ULTIMATE POWER OF PAPACY
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE INFLUENCE AND
POWER OF THE CHURCH OVER COMMON PEOPLE

RELIGION
- CATHOLIC CHURCH
MOST POWERFUL INSTITUTION
KINGS, QUEENS AND LEADERS DERIVE
THEIR POWER AND PROTECTION FROM
THE CHURCH (EG: POPE LEO III NAMED KING
CHARLEMAGNE)
EXEMPTED FROM TAXES
COMMONERS WERE TO GIVE ‘TITHINGS’ OF
10% OF THEIR EARNINGS TO THE CHURCH
ANUALLY

RELIGION
- RISE OF ISLAM
ISLAMIC WORLD GREW LARGER
AND MORE POWERFUL
MUSLIM ARMIES CONQUERED
LARGE PARTS OF MIDDLE
EAST, UNITING THEM UNDER
THE RULE OF A SINGLE CALIPH.
UNDER THE CALIPHS, GREAT CITIES SUCH AS CAIRO, BAGHDAD AND DAMASCUS FOSTERED
VIBRANT INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL LIFE (EG: SCHOLARS’ TEXT TRANSLATIONS TO
ARABIC, INVENTORS DEVISED TECHNOLOGIES, RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS TAUGHT THE QURAN
AND SCRIPTURAL TEXTS TO PEOPLE ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST)

THE CRUSADES
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AUTHORISE MILITARY
EXPEDITIONS (CRUSADES) TO EXPEL MUSLIM
INFIDELS FROM THE HOLY LAND
BEGAN IN 1095; POPE URBAN SUMMONED A
CHRISTIAN ARMY TO FIGHT ITS WAY TO
JERUSALEM
BELIEVE THAT THEIR SERVICE GUARANTEE THE
REMISSION OF THEIR SINS AND ETERNAL LIFE
IN HEAVEN
MADE CATHOLICS ACROSS CHRISTENDOM FEEL
LIKE THEY HAD A COMMON PURPOSE
INSPIRED WAVES OF RELIGIOUS ENTHUSIAST

ART & ARCHITECTURE
TO SHOW DEVOTION TO THE
CHURCH, GRAND CATHEDRALS
AND OTHER ECCLESIASTICAL
STRUCTURES (EG: MONASTERIES)
WERE BUILT
CATHEDRALS WERE THE LARGEST
BUILDINGS IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE;
FOUND AT THE CENTRE OF
TOWNS AND CITIES

BETWEEN 10TH AND 13TH CENTURY
MOST EUROPEAN CATHEDRALS WERE BUILT IN
ROMANESQUE STYLE:
•SOLID AND SUBSTANTIAL
•ROUNDED MASONRY ARCHES AND BARREL VAULTS
SUPPORTING THE ROOF
•THICK STONE WALLS

PORTO CATHEDRAL,
PORTUGAL
SPEYER CATHEDRAL,
GERMANY
EXAMPLE:

IN 1200’S
CHUCH BUILDERS
EMBRACE A NEW
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE :
GOTHIC
• ELEGANT SOARING
BUILDINGS
• HUGE STAINED-GLASS
WINDOWS
• POINTED ARCHES AND
RIBBED VAULTS
• FLYING BUTTRESSES AND
HIGH WALLS

ABBEY CHURCH OF SAINT-
DENIS,FRANCE
CANTERBURY
CATHEDRAL,ENGLAND
EXAMPLE:

MEDIEVAL RELIGIOUS ART TOOK OTHER
FORMS:
FRESCOES AND MOSAICS DECORATED CHURCH
INTERIORS
ARTISTS PAINTED DECORATIONAL IMAGES OF
THE VIRGIN MARY, JESUS AND THE SAINTS
BOOKS WERE WORKS OF ART
CRAFTSMEN IN MONASTRIES
ILLUSTRATED MANUSCRIPTS

MEDIEVAL SCIENCE WAS LIMITED BECAUSE SCIENCE WAS NOT JUST REASON AND
OBSERVATION.
SCIENTIFIC THEORIES CONTINUED TO BE MIXED WITH SUPERSTITION AND
LEGEND.
MOST MEDIEVAL SCIENTISTS PRACTICED THE MYSTERIES OF ALCHEMY (EG:
TRYING TO TURN LEAD INTO GOLD).
SCIENCE

ECONOMICS & SOCIETY
RURAL LIFE GOVERNED BY A SYSTEM SCHOLARS CALL
FEUDALISM
FEUDAL SOCIETY:
• KING GRANTS LARGE PIECES OF LAND (FIEFS) TO
NOBLEMEN AND BISHOPS
• LANDLESS PEASANTS (SERFS) DID MOST WORK ON
THE FIEFS
- IN EXCHANGE FOR LABOUR, THEY LIVE ON THE LAND
- PLANT AND HARVEST CROPS FOR THE OWNER
- GIVE PROTECTION IN CASE OF ENEMY INVASION

IN THE FEUDAL SYSTEM, SOCIETY WAS ORGANISED
AS A PYRAMID:

IN THE 11TH CENTURY; FEUDAL LIFE CHANGED
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS (EG: HEAVY PLOW, 3-
FIELD CROP ROTATION) MADE FARMING MORE
EFFICIENT AND PRODUCTIVE
DUE TO IMPROVED FOOD SUPPLY, MORE PEOPLE WERE
DRAWN TO TOWNS AND CITIES
MEANWHILE;
THE CRUSADES EXPANDED TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST
IMPORTED GOODS SUCH AS WINE, OLIVE OIL AND
LUXURIOUS TEXTILES
AS COMMERCIAL ECONOMY DEVELOPED, PORT CITIES
THRIVED
BY 1300, SOME 15 CITIES IN EUROPE POPULATED MORE
THAN 50, 000

UNIVERSITIES
INVENTION OF THE CLASSICAL
EDUCATION SYSTEM
1. EARLY EDUCATION
2. GRAMMAR SCHOOLS
3. MONASTIC SCHOOLS
4. UNIVERSITIES

SCIENCE
• MEDICINE: TO CARE FOR THE SICK
• ASTRONOMY: OBSERVATION OF
STARS FOR EVENTS
• MATHEMATICS AND GEOMETRY

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
HEAVY PLOUGH
• A MODIFICATION OF THE PREVIOUS
DESIGN, THE “MOULDBOARD PLOUGH”
BLAST FURNACE
• ONE OF THE EARLIEST CREATION OF
IRON
• MONKS WERE SKILLED METALLURGIST

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
HOURGLASS
• USED IN MULTIPLE OCCASIONS
• THE ONLY ACCURATE AND RELIABLE
TOOL FOR MEASURING TIME
SPINNING WHEEL
• HAND SPUN FIBERS WAS LABOUR
INTENSIVE
• MADE THE PROCESS OF WEAVING
EASIER

THE DECLINATION OF THE
MIDDLE AGES

PLAGUE
A.K.A THE BUBONIC PLAGUE/ THE BLACK
DEATH
IT IS THE OLDEST AND DEADLIEST DISEASE
KILLED OFF 30-60% OF THE POPULATION IN
EUROPE
THE GROWTH OF CITY AND AN INCREASE
OF TRAVEL CAUSED THE DISEASE TO
SPREAD MORE
THE DISEASE CAUSED PEOPLE TO QUESTION
THEIR FAITH

FAMINE
POPULATION DECREASE
ECONOMIC SLUMP
POOR HARVEST

FEUDAL SYSTEM
THE NOBLES LOST POWER AFTER THE CRUSADES BROUGHT IN
ADVANCEMENTS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND THE MUSLIMS
RISE OF THE MONEY SYSTEM CAUSE THE BIRTH OF MIDDLE CLASS
ENFORCEMENT OF COMMON LAW

WAR
THE HUNDRED’S YEAR WAR : CONFLICT
BETWEEN FRANCE &ENGLAND FROM 1337 -
1453.
CONFISCATION OF AQUITAINE
HUNDRED YEAR’S WAR HAD DEEP
PROFOUND EFFECTS ON BOTH ENGLAND &
FRANCE

DECLINATION OF THE CHURCHES
POWER
THIS CHURCH IS IN
ROTTINGDEAN, EAST
SUSSEX NEARLY 1,000
YEARS OLD
AMIENSE CHURCH
IN FRANCE
CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE
PAPACY AND THE MONARCHY
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY AND
THE GREAT SCHISM
THE PEOPLE DID NOT APPROVE
OF THE CORRUPTED WAYS OF
THE CHURCH
VERNACULAR LANGUAGE OF THE
BIBLE

RENAISSANCE (1300AD-1700AD)
FRENCH FOR ‘REBIRTH’
AGE OF NEW DISCOVERIES; BOTH GEOGRAPHICAL AND
INTELLECTUAL ASPECTS
CHARACTERISED BY INNOVATION, IMAGINATION AND CREATIVITY

SPREADS ACROSS EUROPE FROM ITALY
STARTED FROM ITALY BECAUSE:
• LOCATION
• WEALTHY MERCHANT CLASS
• FOUR CITY-STATES: FLORENCE: GAINED
POWER DUE TO TRADE OF WOOL
• VENICE: GAINED POWER DUE TO TRADE
AT SEA
• MILAN: STRONG MONARCHY AND RULED
BY POWERFUL LINE OF DUKES
• PAPAL STATES CENTERED IN ROME:
FUNDED BY THE CHURCH

PAPACY RETURNS TO ROME FROM FRANCE
(1420)
FROM THE ELECTION OF POPE MARTIN V OF THE
COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE IN 1417 TO THE REFORMATION,
WESTERN CHRISTIANITY WAS LARGELY FREE FROM
SCHISM AS WELL AS SIGNIFICANT DISPUTED PAPAL
CLAIMANTS. MARTIN V RETURNED THE PAPACY TO
ROME IN 1420. ALTHOUGH THERE WERE IMPORTANT
DIVISIONS OVER THE DIRECTION OF THE RELIGION,
THESE WERE RESOLVED THROUGH THE THEN-SETTLED
PROCEDURES OF THE PAPAL CONCLAVE.

COSIMO DE’ MEDICI TAKES OVER THE FAMILY BANKING
BUSINESS
(1429)
BORN IN FLORENCE, COSIMO INHERITED BOTH HIS WEALTH AND HIS EXPERTISE IN
BANKING FROM HIS FATHER, GIOVANNI DI BICCI DE' MEDICI.
IN 1415, HE ACCOMPANIED THE ANTIPOPE JOHN XXIII AT THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE
NAMED "PRIORE OF THE REPUBLIC."
ON HIS DEATH IN 1464 AT CAREGGI, COSIMO WAS SUCCEEDED BY HIS SON PIERO "THE
GOUTY", FATHER OF LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT OR IL MAGNIFICO.
AFTER HIS DEATH THE SIGNORIA AWARDED HIM THE TITLE PATER PATRIAE, "FATHER
OF HIS COUNTRY", AN HONOR ONCE AWARDED TOCICERO, AND HAD IT CARVED UPON
HIS TOMB IN THE CHURCH OF SAN LORENZO.

JOHANN GUTENBERG PRINTS THE
GUTENBERG BIBLE
(1454)
BETWEEN 1450 AND 1455, THE GUTENBERG BIBLE WAS
COMPLETED. EARLY DOCUMENTATION STATES THAT A TOTAL
OF 200 COPIES WERE SCHEDULED TO BE PRINTED ON RAG
COTTON LINEN PAPER, AND 30 COPIES ON VELUM ANIMAL
SKIN.
TODAY, ONLY 22 COPIES ARE KNOWN TO EXIST, OF WHICH 7
ARE ON VELUM.
IF AN ENTIRE GUTENBERG BIBLE SHOULD BECOME AVAILABLE
ON THE WORLD MARKET, IT WOULD LIKELY FETCH AN
ESTIMATED 100 MILLION DOLLARS! EVEN AN INDIVIDUAL
LEAF (A SINGLE TWO-SIDED PAGE) FROM THE ORIGINAL
GUTENBERG BIBLE CAN FETCH AROUND $100,000. GUTENBERG’S
WORK IS THE MOST RARE AND VALUABLE PRINTED
MATERIAL IN THE WORLD.

LORENZO DE’ MEDICI RULES FLORENCE
(1464)
LORENZO DE’ MEDICI RULED FLORENCE WITH HIS
BROTHER GIULIANO FROM 1469 TO 1478. AFTER THE
LATTER'S ASSASSINATION, THE CROWD STOOD BY THE
MEDICI AND TORE THE ASSASSINS LIMB FROM LIMB.
LORENZO WAS CONSIDERED THE WISE, “THE NEEDLE ON
THE ITALIAN SCALES,” AND RULED FROM 1478 TO 1492.
LORENZO’S PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS WAS RENOWNED,
AND THOSE UNDER HIS PROTECTION INCLUDED
BOTTICELLI AND LEONARDO DA VINCI.

BOTTICELLI PAINTS PRIMA-VERA
(1478)
THIS WONDERFUL AND FAMOUS WORK OF ART BY GREAT BOTTICELLI WAS PAINTED FOR LORENZO DI
PIERFRANCESCO DE’ MEDICI, A COUSIN OF LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT. THE MEDICI WAS A VERY IMPORTANT
FLORENTINE BANKING FAMILY AND LATER ROYAL HOUSE OF TUSCANY.
CRITICS ARE DIVIDED OVER THE DATE OF THE WORK. ANYWAY IT WAS CERTAINLY PAINTED BETWEEN 1477
AND 1482.

MICHAELANGELO COMPLETES DAVID
(1504)
THIS ASTONISHING RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE WAS CREATED BETWEEN 1501
AND 1504. IT IS A 14.0 FT MARBLE STATUE DEPICTING THE BIBLICAL HERO
DAVID, REPRESENTED AS A STANDING MALE NUDE. ORIGINALLY
COMMISSIONED BY THE OPERA DEL DUOMO FOR THE CATHEDRAL OF
FLORENCE, IT WAS MEANT TO BE ONE OF A SERIES OF LARGE STATUES TO
BE POSITIONED IN THE NICHES OF THE CATHEDRAL’S TRIBUNES, WAY UP
AT ABOUT 80MT FROM THE GROUND. MICHELANGELO WAS ASKED BY THE
CONSULS OF THE BOARD TO COMPLETE ANUNFINISHED PROJECT BEGUN IN
1464 BY AGOSTINO DI DUCCIO AND LATER CARRIED ON BY ANTONIO
ROSSELLINO IN 1475. BOTH SCULPTORS HAD IN THE END REJECTED AN
ENORMOUS BLOCK OF MARBLE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF TOO MANY
“TAROLI”, OR IMPERFECTIONS, WHICH MAY HAVE THREATENED THE
STABILITY OF SUCH A HUGE STATUE. THIS BLOCK OF MARBLE OF
EXCEPTIONAL DIMENSIONS REMAINED THEREFORE NEGLECTED FOR 25
YEARS, LYING WITHIN THE COURTYARD OF THE OPERA DEL DUOMO
(VESTRY BOARD).

ARTIST RAPHAEL IS COMMISSIONED
BY POPE JULIUS II
(1508)
GIULIANO DELLA ROVERE, POPE JULIUS II (1443-1515),
ELECTED POPE IN 1503 AFTER ONE OF THE
SHORTEST CONCLAVES EVER (HE BRIBED EVERYONE).
HE WAS A LOVER OF WAR, WHO LED HIS OWN
ARMIES; AND A LOVER OF ART, COMMISSIONING
SOME OF THE GREATEST WORKS IN WESTERN
HISTORY: RAPHAEL'S DECORATED ROOMS IN THE
VATICAN AND MICHELANGELO'S SISTINE CHAPEL
CEILING.

MICHAELANGELO COMPLETES THE
SISTINE CHAPEL CEILING
(1512)
MICHELANGELO BEGAN TO WORK ON THE FRESCOES FOR POPE
JULIUS II IN 1508, REPLACING A BLUE CEILING DOTTED WITH
STARS. ORIGINALLY, THE POPE ASKED MICHELANGELO TO
PAINT THE CEILING WITH A GEOMETRIC ORNAMENT, AND
PLACE THE TWELVE APOSTLES IN SPANDRELS AROUND THE
DECORATION. MICHELANGELO PROPOSED INSTEAD TO PAINT
THE OLD TESTAMENT SCENES NOW FOUND ON THE VAULT,
DIVIDED BY THE FICTIVE ARCHITECTURE THAT HE USES TO
ORGANIZE THE COMPOSITION.

MARTIN LUTHER POSTS HIS 95 THESES
IN WITTENBERG
(1517)
IN 1517, THE PRIEST AND SCHOLAR MARTIN
LUTHER APPROACHES THE DOOR OF THE CASTLE
CHURCH IN WITTENBERG, GERMANY, AND
NAILS A PIECE OF PAPER TO IT CONTAINING THE
95 REVOLUTIONARY OPINIONS THAT WOULD
BEGIN THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.

LEONARDO DA VINCI DIES
(1519)
LEONARDO DIED AT CLOS LUCÉ, FRANCE, ON MAY 2, 1519. FRANÇOIS I HAD
BECOME A CLOSE FRIEND. VASARI RECORDS THAT THE KING HELD
LEONARDO'S HEAD IN HIS ARMS AS HE DIED, ALTHOUGH THIS STORY,
BELOVED BY THE FRENCH AND PORTRAYED IN ROMANTIC PAINTINGS BY
INGRES, MÉNAGEOT AND OTHER FRENCH ARTISTS, MAY BE LEGEND
RATHER THAN FACT. VASARI ALSO TELLS US THAT IN HIS LAST DAYS,
LEONARDO SENT FOR A PRIEST TO MAKE HIS CONFESSION AND TO RECEIVE
THE HOLY SACRAMENT. IN ACCORDANCE TO HIS WILL, SIXTY BEGGARS
FOLLOWED HIS CASKET. HE WAS BURIED IN THE CHAPEL OF SAINT-HUBERT
IN THE CASTLE OF AMBOISE. MELZI WAS THE PRINCIPAL HEIR AND
EXECUTOR, RECEIVING AS WELL AS MONEY, LEONARDO'S PAINTINGS,
TOOLS, LIBRARY AND PERSONAL EFFECTS. LEONARDO ALSO REMEMBERED
HIS OTHER LONG-TIME PUPIL AND COMPANION, SALAI AND HIS SERVANT
BATTISTA DI VILUSSIS, WHO EACH RECEIVED HALF OF LEONARDO'S
VINEYARDS, HIS BROTHERS WHO RECEIVED LAND, AND HIS SERVING
WOMAN WHO RECEIVED A BLACK CLOAK OF GOOD STUFF WITH A FUR EDGE.

GIOVANNI DE MEDICI MOVES TO
FLORENCE
(1397 AD)
GIOVANNI WAS THE BANKER OF PAPAL
COURT, ESTABLISHED HEAD QUARTERS IN
FLORENCE AND HOLDS EVERY POLITICAL
OFFICE IN FLORENCE IN SOME POINT
THE MEDICI FAMILY WAS WEALTHY AND
INFLUENTIAL CITIZEN

JOAN OF ARC AND THE SIEGE OF
ORLEANS
(1429 AD)

COSIMO DE MEDICI INHERITS THE FAMILY BANK
AND RISES TO GREAT POWER IN FLORENCE
(1429 AD)

JOHANNES GUTENBERG INVENTED
THE PRINTING PRESS
(1440 AD)

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS DISCOVERS AMERICA
(1492 AD)

MARTIN LUTHER 95 THESES
(1517 AD)
CREATED THE FORM OF
CHRISTIANITY WHAT WE KNOW
TODAY AS PROTESTANTISM

THE START OF EUROPEAN WARS OF
RELIGION
(1524 AD)
THE WAR WAS CAUSED BY THE
PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN
THE WESTERN AND
NORTHERN EUROPE
BETWEEN CATHOLIC AND
PROTESTANT

THE CORONATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH I
(1559 AD)

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW’S MASSACRE
(1572 AD)
FRENCH CATHOLICS KILLED PROTESTANTS DURING FRENCH RELIGIOUS WARS
KING CHARLES THE IX’S SISTER, MARGARET MARRIED THE PROTESTANTS
KING HENRY THE IV

EDICT OF NANTES
(1598AD)
ISSUED BY KING HANRY IV OF
FRANCE
NON-CATHOLIC IN FRANCE CIVIL
RIGHTS
THE END OF RELIGIOUS WARS IN
FRANCE DURING THE SECOND
HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY

ART
A.PRE- (OR “PROTO”-) RENAISSANCE (LATE 13TH, EARLY 14TH
CENTURY)
B. EARLY RENAISSANCE ART / FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ITALIAN
ART (1401-1490S)
C. HIGH RENAISSANCE ART (1490S-1527)
D.MANNERISM (1520-1600)

A .PRE- (OR “PROTO”-) RENAISSANCE
NORTHERN ITALY
1150 OR SO
GARDNER’S ART THROUGH THE AGES FROM 1200 TO EARLY 15TH CENTURY
NOTE AS PROTO RENAISSANCE WHILE OTHERS LUMP THIS TIME FRAME WITH
THE TERM “EARLY RENAISSANCE”
FLORENTINE PAINTER, GIOTTO DI BONDONE (1267-1337) WAS THE MOST
FAMOUS ARTIST DURING PROTO RENAISSANCE.
MADE ENORMOUS ADVANCES IN THE TECHNIQUE OF REPRESENTING THE
HUMAN BODY.
HIS FRESCOS DECORATED CATHEDRALS OF ASSISI, ROME, RADUA, FLORENCE &
NAPLES.

B. EARLY RENAISSANCE ART/15TH
CENTURY ART
DURING YEARS 1401-1490S
FLORENCE AS THE CENTRE OF EARLY RENAISSANCE ART
THE CHURCH
FLORENCE VS. PUSHY NEIGHBOURS
HUMANIST OR PIOUS BELIEVER
MEDICI FAMILY - MONEY, INTEREST IN ARTS AND LITERATURE
THE “DOOR” CONTEST - SCULPTOR LORENZO GHIBERTI (1378 -1455)

BRUNELLESCHI GHIBERTI DONATELLO
SECOND HALF OF THE 15TH CENTURY
ALBERTI BOTTICELLI SIGNORELLI
FIRST HALF OF THE 15TH CENTURY

C. HIGH RENAISSANCE ART
DURING YEARS 1490S-1527
ROME DISPLACED FLORENCE AS THE PRINCIPLE CENTRE OF
RENAISSANCE ART
POPE LEO X (SECOND SON OF LORENZO DE MEDICI
3 MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE THAT DOMINATED THIS PERIOD.
LEONARDO DA VINCI MICHAELANGELO RAFFAELLO SANZIO

MANNERISM
DURING YEARS 1520-1600
REPRESENTS RENAISSANCE ART GOING OUT
ACTS AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE IDEALIZED STYLES OF RENAISSANCE
ART AND THE DRAMATIC THEATRICALITY OF THE BAROQUE
EARLY MANNERISM (1520-1535) : “ANTI-CLASSICAL” OR “ANTI
RENAISSANCE” STYLE
HIGH MANNERISM (1535-1580) : MORE INTRICATE, INWARD LOOKING
AND INTELLECTUAL STYLE
MANNERIST PAINTINGS TEND TO BE MORE ARTIFICIAL AND LESS
NATURALISTIC THAN RENAISSANCE PAINTING

MANNERIST PAINTERS : MICHAELANGELO, CORREGIO, ROSSO
FLORENTINO, EL GRECO, GIORGIO VASARI
MANNERIST SCULPTOR : GIAMBOLOGNA , BENVENUTO CELLINI,
JUAN DE JUNI, JEAN GOUJON.
VS
MANNERIST PAINTING RENAISSANCE PAINTING

ARCHITECTURE
GENERAL FEATURES
REJECTED INTRICACY AND VERTICALITY OF THE GOTHIC STYLE FOR
THE SIMPLICITY AND BALANCED PROPORTIONS OF CLASSICISM
ROUNDED ARCHES, DOMES, AND THE CLASSICAL ORDERS WERE
REVIVED

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE TENDS TO FEATURE
PLANAR CLASSICISM WHICH MEANS THE WALLS OF A
RENAISSANCE BUILDING (BOTH EXTERIOR AND
INTERIOR) ARE EMBELLISHED WITH CLASSICAL
MOTIFS.
MINOR PHYSICAL DEPTH, SUCH THAT THEY INTRUDE
MINIMALLY ON THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL
APPEARANCE OF THE WALLS
CONTRASTS SHARPLY WITH BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE,
IN WHICH WALLS ARE DEEPLY CURVED AND SCULPTED
(RESULTING IN "SCULPTED CLASSICISM”).
PLANAR CLASSICISM ALSO TENDS TO DIVIDE A WALL
INTO NEAT SECTIONS, USING SUCH ELEMENTS AS
COLUMNS, PILASTERS, AND STRINGCOURSES.
A BAROQUE WALL, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS TREATED
AS A CONTINUOUS, UNDULATING WHOLE.

SUMMARY OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
THE FOREMOST RENAISSANCE BUILDING TYPES WERE THE CHURCH, PALAZZO (URBAN
MANSION), AND VILLA (COUNTRY MANSION).
THE MOST FAMOUS VILLA ARCHITECT BY FAR IS PALLADIO.
CONSEQUENTLY, MUCH NON-ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE EMBODIES A
FASCINATING BLEND OF GOTHIC INTRICACY AND VERTICALITY (INCLUDING TOWERS)
WITH RENAISSANCE SIMPLICITY AND RESTRAINT.
THE LEADING REGION OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN NORTHERN EUROPE WAS
FRANCE, WHERE THE PRIMARY BUILDING TYPE WAS THE CHATEAU (COUNTRY MANSION).
THE INFLUENCE OF FRENCH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE DIFFUSED ACROSS NORTHERN
EUROPE.
EARLY RENAISSANCE
CA. 1400-1500
HIGH RENAISSANCE
CA. 1500-1525
LATE
RENAISSANCE
CA. 1525-1600
BRUNELLESCHI (CHURCHES), ALBERTI
(FACADES)
BRAMANTE (TEMPIETTO), PALAZZO
FARNESE
PALLADIO
(VILLAS)

LITERATURE
JOHN MILTON EDMUND SPENSER

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
GREATEST ENGLISH AUTHOR
IN 1611, HIS PLAYS ALREADY MADE
SUCCESS ON THE STAGE SO HE
RETIRED.
BETWEEN MANY PLAYS AND
POEMS HE WROTE INCLUDE
• ROMEO & JULIET
• HAMLET
• A MIDSUMMER’S NIGHT DREAM
• SONNETS

PHILOSOPHY
A. ARISTOTELIANISM
B. HUMANISM
C. PLATONISM
D. HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHIES
E. NEW PHILOSOPHIES OF NATURE

A. ARISTOTELIANISM
THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE AND OF THOSE LATER
PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENTS BASED ON HIS THOUGHT.
1150 OR SO
GARDNER’S ART THROUGH THE AGES FROM 1200 TO
EARLY 15TH CENTURY NOTE AS PROTO RENAISSANCE
WHILE OTHERS LUMP THIS
TIME FRAME WITH THE TERM “EARLY RENAISSANCE”
-FLORENTINE PAINTER, GIOTTO DI BONDONE
(1267-1337) WAS THE MOST FAMOUS ARTIST DURING
PROTO RENAISSANCE.
-MADE ENORMOUS ADVANCES IN THE TECHNIQUE OF
REPRESENTING THE HUMAN BODY. 
-HIS FRESCOS DECORATED CATHEDRALS OF ASSISI,
ROME, RADUA, FLORENCE & NAPLES.

B. HUMANISM
APPROACH IN STUDY, PHILOSOPHY AND PRACTICE THAT FOCUS ON
HUMAN VALUES.
SYSTEM THAT REJECTS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
DID NOT ELIMINATE OLDER APPROACHES TO PHILOSOPHY, BUT
CONTRIBUTED TO CHANGE THEM IN IMPORTANT WAYS, PROVIDING
NEW INFORMATION AND NEW METHODS TO THE FIELD.
FRANCESCO PETRARCA (1304–1374)
ONE OF HIS MAIN OBJECTIONS TO SCHOLASTIC ARISTOTELIANISM IS
THAT IT IS USELESS AND INEFFECTIVE IN ACHIEVING THE GOOD
LIFE.
LORENZO VALLA (1406–1457)
HIS MOST INFLUENTIAL WRITING WAS ELEGANTIAE LINGUAE
LATINAE (ELEGANCES OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE)
FIFTEENTH AND EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY, HUMANISTS WERE
UNANIMOUS IN THEIR CONDEMNATION OF UNIVERSITY
EDUCATION AND THEIR CONTEMPT FOR SCHOLASTIC LOGIC
HUMANISM ALSO SUPPORTED CHRISTIAN REFORM.
HUMANISM ALSO HAD AN IMPACT OF OVERWHELMING
IMPORTANCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT.

C. PLATONISM
RENAISSANCE PLATONISM WAS A PRODUCT OF HUMANISM
AND MARKED A SHARPER BREAK WITH MEDIEVAL
PHILOSOPHY.
MANY CHRISTIANS FOUND PLATONIC PHILOSOPHY SAFER
AND MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN ARISTOTELIANISM.
PLATONISM WAS BROUGHT TO ITALY BY THE BYZANTINE
SCHOLAR GEORGE GEMISTOS PLETHON (C.1360–1454)
THE MOST IMPORTANT RENAISSANCE PLATONIST WAS
MARSILIO FICINO (1433–1499)
TRANSLATED PLATO’S WORKS INTO LATIN AND WROTE
COMMENTARIES ON SEVERAL OF THEM.
ONE OF THE MOST SERIOUS OBSTACLES TO THE RECEPTION
AND ADOPTION OF PLATONISM IN THE EARLY FIFTEENTH
CENTURY WAS THE THEORY OF PLATONIC LOVE.
MANY SCHOLARS WERE SIMPLY UNABLE TO ACCEPT PLATO’S
EXPLICIT TREATMENT OF HOMOSEXUALITY.

D. HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHIES
STOICISM, EPICUREANISM, AND SKEPTICISM UNDERWENT A REVIVAL OVER THE
COURSE OF THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES AS PART OF THE
ONGOING RECOVERY OF ANCIENT LITERATURE AND THOUGHT.
STOICISM BEGAN WITH PETRARCA.
STOICISM MOVED ALONG TWO PATHS, ONE,A WAY OF LIFE IN WHICH THE
CULTIVATION OF THE SCHOLARLY WORK AND ETHICAL PERFECTION ARE ONE.
THE SECOND,HIS ELABORATION OF STOIC THERAPY AGAINST EMOTIONAL
DISTRESS.
DURING THE MIDDLE AGES WAS EPICUREANISM
SKEPTICISM, WHOSE REVITALISATION GREW OUT OF MANY OF THE CURRENTS
OF RENAISSANCE THOUGHT AND CONTRIBUTED TO MAKE THE PROBLEM OF
KNOWLEDGE CRUCIAL FOR EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE (1533–1592)
HE DEVELOPED IN A GRADUAL MANNER THE MANY KINDS OF PROBLEMS
THAT MAKE PEOPLE DOUBT THE RELIABILITY OF HUMAN REASON.
MANY RENAISSANCE APPROPRIATORS OF ACADEMIC AND PYRRHONIAN
SKEPTICAL ARGUMENTS DID NOT SEE ANY INTRINSIC VALUE IN SKEPTICISM,
BUT RATHER USED IT TO ATTACK ARISTOTELIANISM AND DISPARAGE THE
CLAIMS OF HUMAN SCIENCE.

E. NEW PHILOSOPHIES OF NATURE
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473–1543) PUBLISHED DE
REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIUM COELESTIUM, WHICH
PROPOSED A NEW CALCULUS OF PLANETARY
MOTION BASED ON SEVERAL NEW HYPOTHESES,
SUCH AS HELIOCENTRISM AND THE MOTION OF THE
EARTH.
DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, THERE WERE
MANY PHILOSOPHERS OF NATURE WHO FELT THAT
ARISTOTLE’S SYSTEM COULD NO LONGER REGULATE
HONEST INQUIRY INTO NATURE.THEY STOPPED
TRYING TO ADJUST THE ARISTOTELIAN SYSTEM.
THE METHODOLOGY OF GALILEO GALILEI (1564–1642)
HIS HELIOCENTRISM (WITH MODIFICATIONS BY
KEPLER) SOON BECAME ACCEPTED SCIENTIFIC FACT.

ART
RAPHAEL
• WORKS THAT ARE ADMIRED
FOR CLARITY
• ONE OF THE YOUNGEST
ARTISTS TO HAVE ADAPTED
PERSPECTIVES.
• MADONNA - IDEAL OF
PERFECTION

MICHELANGELO
• THE MOST FAMOUS ARTIST
OF THE RENAISSANCE
• LATER PROCEEDED INTO
ARCHITECTURE
ART

ART
LEONARDO DA VINCI
• LEADING ARTIST OF THE
RENAISSANCE
• EXPLORED INTO MANY
OTHER FIELDS BESIDES ART.

SCULPTURES
• INFLUENCES OF ROMAN ART
• SCULPTURES ARE MADE OF CERAMIC OR METAL
• NOTABLE SCULPTORS ARE DONATELLO, CELLINI, GHIBERTI.

FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
• KNOWN AS FATHER OF RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES BASED ON PROPORTION AND
REPETITION THAT CREATES A SENSE OF
HARMONY.
• REDISCOVERY OF BASIC ELEMENTS IN CLASSIC
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
• PRINCIPLES OF LINEAR PERSPECTIVES

ARCHITECTURE
LEON BATISTE ALBERTI
• ARCHITECT, HUMANIST, MUSICIAN, ART THEORIST
• DESIGNS ASPIRED IN RECREATING THE GLORY OF
ANCIENT TIMES

ENGINEERING
JOHANNE GUTENBERG
• INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS
• KNOWLEDGE BECAME MORE WIDESPREAD

ENGINEERING
LEONARDO DA VINCI
• EARLIEST PROTOTYPES OF
BICYCLES, PARACHUTES AND
FLYING MACHINES.
• CONTRIBUTIONS OF DESIGNS
FOR WARFARE MACHINES.

LITERATURE
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
• WIDELY CONSIDERED THE
GREATEST DRAMATIST OF ALL
TIME
• WRITING STYLES THAT
INFLUENCED WRITERS

LITERATURE
NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI
• FATHER OF MODERN
POLITICAL THEORY
• NOTABLE WORK: “THE
PRINCE”

SCIENCE
ANDREAS VESALIUS
• ANATOMIST, PHYSICIAN
• STUDIES THAT CHANGED THE
UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE

SCIENCE
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
• MATHEMATICIAN AND
ASTRONOMER
• “COPERNICAN THEORY”

GALILEO GALILEI
• ASTRONOMER, PHYSICIST, ENGINEER,
PHILOSOPHER, MATHEMATICIAN.
• LAID THE FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN
SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE

THE DECLINATION OF
RENAISSANCE

WANING OF ITALIAN
PROSPERITY
TRADING WITH ASIA WAS ITALY’S
KEY ECONOMIC SUPPORT
TRADE ROUTES SHIFTING TO THE
MEDITERRANEAN AND ATLANTIC
REGION AFFECTED ITALY’S ECONOMY
WARFARE CREATED ECONOMIC
HARDSHIP FOR ITALY

ITALY AT WAR
• FRENCH INVASION IN 1494 LEAD BY
KING CHARLES VIII
• DUCHY OF MILAN, KINGDOM OF
NAPLES AND FLORENCE
• SPAIN FORM ALLIANCE WITH THE
PAPAL STATES, THE HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE, MILAN, AND VENICE
• LOUIS XII BEGAN A SECOND INVASION
IN ITALY FROM 1499 TO 1529

GROWING RELIGIOUS DISSENT
IN 1517, MARTIN LUTHER BROUGHT
FORTH THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RESPONDED
WITH COUNTER-REFORMATION
HOWEVER, THE PUBLIC BEGAN TO
FOLLOW GALILEO’S THEORIES THAT
ARE AGAINST THE CHURCH’S
TEACHINGS AND CONSIDERED
HERETIC

IN CONCLUSION;
AGE ON ENLIGHTENMENT WAS A FLAGRANT CONTRAST TO THE
PRECEDING MIDDLE AGES
MIDDLE AGES
- DARK AGES: HIGH RATE OF ILITERACY
- AGE OF FEUDALISM: FEUDALISM WAS THE PREFERRED LEGAL SYSTEM
- AGE OF FAITH: MANY ELABORATE CATHEDRALS
- GOLDEN AGE: HOW MUCH LEARNING HAS REVERED AND VALUED
THE RENAISSANCE WAS AN AWAKENING REALITY
IT SHOWED THE BRILLIANT OF LIFE WITH THE GLORY OF IMAGINATION
IN ADVANCED ART AND LITERATURE

CULTURE AND CIVILISATION SLIDES

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