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Validating large-scale lexical color resources
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Giordano Beretta
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Presentation given 8 June 2011 at AIC Color 2011, Zürich
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Validating large-scale lexical color resources
1.
Validating large-scale lexical
color resources Giordano Beretta & Nathan Moroney, Hewlett-Packard Date: 8/June/2011
2.
Color naming
#EF4123 #007CB0 • Colorimetric values are best for #848688 communicating color via machine #BF1E74 #007CB0 • Color terms are best for communicating color among humans #008F4C • Problem: how can we find the most effective color terms? #F89F6D #F499B8 2 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
3.
World Color Survey,
Berlin & Kay, 1969 • Munsell Sheets of Color are shown to respondents to elicit color terms • A snapshot in time • Experiment in the wild • Several similar experiments, e.g., ISCC–NBS 3 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
4.
Light + object The
spectral power distribution of the light reflected to the eye by an object is the product, at each wavelength, of the object's spectral reflectance value by the spectral power distribution of the light source CWF Complexion 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 Incident SPD x Reflectance curve = Reflected SPD Deluxe Complexion CWF 4 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without 400 notice. 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 Created 26/4/2011
5.
Is it robust?
g blue green • Experiment by Boynton & Olson proves robustness w.r.t. light source Robert M. Boynton, Insights gained from naming grey white the OSA colors, Color categories in thought and yellow language (Clyde L. Hardin and Luisa Maffi, eds.), purple brown Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 135–150. pink red orange j 5 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
6.
Emissive color? • Excellent correlation
between controlled reflection experiment and uncontrolled crowd-sourced experiment on the Web Giordano B. Beretta and Nathan M. Moroney, Is it turquoise + fuchsia = purple or is it turquoise + fuchsia = blue? , vol. 7866, SPIE, January 2011, p. 78660H. 6 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
7.
Advantage of Web
experiments • Crowd-sourcing uses the World Wide Web to recruit thousands of respondents • Persistence in time can account for ephemerality of color terms • Respondents recruited mainly from the color community • Nathan Moroney, Dimitris Mylonas 7 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
8.
We do not
have so many friends Can we leverage a larger class of respondents? • Munroe and Ellis of xkcd fame have performed a color naming experiment among their readers • Is there any scientific value in such totally uncontrolled data? • Frequency sorted color term data points contributed (TDP): 8 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
9.
Validation experiment Can we
leverage a larger class of respondents? • Multi-stimulus categorization task • Strict sRGB conditions • 16 color normal observers • Instructions: “select the color patches you might use with the color term” • Contributed color stimuli per term (TDP without frequency), CCS: 9 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
10.
Complete Munroe &
Ellis versus the Berlin & Kay data Graphs show the Berlin and Kay averaged centroids on the abscissa and the Munroe and Ellis averages on the ordinate. h*ab L* C* y = 0.9371x + 8.6746 y = 0.9122x + 6.5418 Munroe & Ellis: All Data Munroe & Ellis- All Data Munroe & Ellis- All Data 360 R2 = 0.97 90 80 R2 = 0.67 270 70 60 180 50 40 90 y = 0.5291x + 41.072 R2 = 0.42 0 30 20 0 90 180 270 360 30 50 70 90 20 40 60 80 Berlin & Kay Berlin & Kay Berlin & Kay 10 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
11.
Validated Munroe &
Ellis versus the Berlin & Kay Color data retained after validation: Brown Purple Pink Orange Blue Yellow Red Green TDP 33% 44% 49% 49% 53% 70% 73% 74% CCS 2% 7% 6% 3% 7% 3% 5% 18% h*ab L* C* 100 y = 0.9286x + 10.427 y = 1.0863x - 0.6702 360 Munroe & Ellis- Validated Data Munroe & Ellis- Validated Data Munroe & Ellis- Validated Data R2 = 0.97 90 R2 = 0.65 80 270 70 60 180 50 40 90 y = 0.3221x + 62.678 R2 = 0.13 0 30 20 0 90 180 270 360 30 50 70 90 20 40 60 80 Berlin & Kay Berlin & Kay Berlin & Kay 11 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
12.
Complete versus validated
Munroe and Ellis data h*ab L* C* 360 y = 0.9933x + 1.4356 y = 1.2005x - 8.9949 y = 0.9839x + 12.971 R2 = 0.999 90 R2 = 0.99 90 Munroe & Ellis- Validated Data Munore & Ellis- Validated Data Munroe & Ellis- Validated Data R2 = 0.82 270 70 70 180 50 50 90 0 30 30 0 90 180 270 360 30 50 70 90 30 50 70 90 Munroe & Ellis- All Data Munore & Ellis- All Data Munroe & Ellis- All Data 12 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
13.
Conclusions • Color terms
are well suited for human communication • Color naming experiments are robust w.r.t. • light sources • reflection vs. emissive patches • crowd-sourcing • disruptive users in large experiments • Color terms are ephemeral and need continuous experiments • Future work: • basic terms vs. long tail • how does color naming scale? 13 of 13 © Copyright 2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Created 26/4/2011
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