Waste Not, Want Not: The Importance of Being Earnest About Gene Stewardship

•

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Borlaug Global Rust Initiative

Bob Bowden

Educación Tecnología Entretenimiento y humor

Waste
Not,
Want
Not:

The
Importance
of
Being
Earnest

About
Gene
Stewardship

Eﬀec@ve
APR
Resources

•  Sr2/Yr30

•  Lr34/Yr18/Sr57

•  Lr46/Yr29

•  Lr67/Yr46/Sr55

•  Sr56
on
5BL

•  Others

–  1A

–  2B

–  3D

–  4A

–  6B

–  7A

New
or
Revived
Major
Genes

•  Sr22

•  Sr25

•  Sr26

•  Sr28

•  Sr32

•  Sr33

•  Sr35

•  Sr37

•  Sr39

•  Sr40

•  Sr43

•  Sr44

•  Sr45

•  Sr46

•  Sr47

•  Sr50

•  Sr51

•  Sr53

What
Will
Be
the
Fate
of
These
Genes?

•  Will
they
provide
the
protec@on
we
need?

•  Will
they
aﬀect
yield
or
quality?

•  Will
they
last?

•  Will
our
investments
be
rewarded
or
wasted?

What
is
Stewardship?

•  Stewardship
can
be
deﬁned
as
the
careful
and

responsible
management
of
something

entrusted
to
one’s
care.

•  What
does
it
mean
for
us?

–  Genes
remain
useful
for
a
long
period
of
@me

–  Stewardship
and
durability
are
inescapably
linked

concepts

Components
of
Stewardship

•  Integrated
Disease
Management

–  Keep
popula@ons
small;
get
rid
of
rust
suckers

–  Break
or
weaken
green
bridges

–  Use
fungicides
if
prac@cal

•  Know
your
enemy

–  Phenotyping
(race
surveys)

–  Biogeography:
Hot
spots
for
diversity
(barberries,
etc.)

–  Genomics:
Understand
avirulence
genes
(eﬀectors)

•  Know
your
cul@vars:

–  Gene
postula@on,
genotyping,
analyzing
unknowns

•  Know
your
R-‐genes:

–  Mechanisms,
matching
avirulence
genes

–  Synergism
or
antagonism
between
genes

•  Deploy
genes
intelligently

–  Use
minor
gene
Adult
Plant
Resistance
(APR)

–  Use
good
strategies
for
major
gene
resistance

Deployment
Strategies

MacDonald
and
Linde,
2002

Use
Pyramid
Power

Simultaneous
Muta@on
Probability
=

mn

Hot
Spots
Need
Extra
Care

Singh
et
al.
2011

What
is
Our
Priority?

•  Protect
the
crop

•  Protect
the
resistance
genes

Stewardship
Groups

1.  No
stewardship
needed

2.  Common
pool:
Combina@ons
with
at

least
three
genes
recommended

3.  Reserved
pool:
Bigger
pyramids

required

Nomina@ons
for
Reserve
Pool

•  Sr22

•  Sr25

•  Sr26

•  Sr28

•  Sr32

•  Sr33

•  Sr35

•  Sr37

•  Sr39

•  Sr40

•  Sr43

•  Sr44

•  Sr45

•  Sr46

•  Sr47

•  Sr50

•  Sr51

•  Sr53

Proposals

1.  Need
beher
interna@onal
support
for

common
pool
resistance
gene
combina@ons

a)  support
marker-‐assisted
selec@on

b)  monitor
genes
in
candidate
varie@es

c)  rapidly
ﬁx
and
replace
weak
combina@ons

2.  Need
reserved
set
of
genes
for
higher
level

of
stewardship

a)  share
with
any
responsible
party

b)  following
stewardship
rules
is
mandatory

A
Chain
is
Only
As
Strong
As
the

Weakest
Link

If
you
want
to
join
the
rust-‐genes

listserv
on
Google
Groups

then
email:

robert.bowden@ars.usda.gov

or

jbakum@gmail.com

The
Importance
of
Being
Earnest

Norman
E.
Borlaug
Norman
Ernest
Borlaug

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Waste Not, Want Not: The Importance of Being Earnest About Gene Stewardship

1. Waste Not, Want Not: The Importance of Being Earnest About Gene Stewardship

3. Eﬀec@ve APR Resources •  Sr2/Yr30 •  Lr34/Yr18/Sr57 •  Lr46/Yr29 •  Lr67/Yr46/Sr55 •  Sr56 on 5BL •  Others –  1A –  2B –  3D –  4A –  6B –  7A

4. New or Revived Major Genes •  Sr22 •  Sr25 •  Sr26 •  Sr28 •  Sr32 •  Sr33 •  Sr35 •  Sr37 •  Sr39 •  Sr40 •  Sr43 •  Sr44 •  Sr45 •  Sr46 •  Sr47 •  Sr50 •  Sr51 •  Sr53

5. What Will Be the Fate of These Genes? •  Will they provide the protec@on we need? •  Will they aﬀect yield or quality? •  Will they last? •  Will our investments be rewarded or wasted?

6. What is Stewardship? •  Stewardship can be deﬁned as the careful and responsible management of something entrusted to one’s care. •  What does it mean for us? –  Genes remain useful for a long period of @me –  Stewardship and durability are inescapably linked concepts

7. Components of Stewardship •  Integrated Disease Management –  Keep popula@ons small; get rid of rust suckers –  Break or weaken green bridges –  Use fungicides if prac@cal •  Know your enemy –  Phenotyping (race surveys) –  Biogeography: Hot spots for diversity (barberries, etc.) –  Genomics: Understand avirulence genes (eﬀectors) •  Know your cul@vars: –  Gene postula@on, genotyping, analyzing unknowns •  Know your R-‐genes: –  Mechanisms, matching avirulence genes –  Synergism or antagonism between genes •  Deploy genes intelligently –  Use minor gene Adult Plant Resistance (APR) –  Use good strategies for major gene resistance

8. Deployment Strategies MacDonald and Linde, 2002

9. Don’t Provide Stepping Stones

10. Use Pyramid Power Simultaneous Muta@on Probability = mn

11. Bigger is Beher

12. Hot Spots Need Extra Care Singh et al. 2011

13. What is Our Priority? •  Protect the crop •  Protect the resistance genes

14. Stewardship Groups 1.  No stewardship needed 2.  Common pool: Combina@ons with at least three genes recommended 3.  Reserved pool: Bigger pyramids required

15. Nomina@ons for Reserve Pool •  Sr22 •  Sr25 •  Sr26 •  Sr28 •  Sr32 •  Sr33 •  Sr35 •  Sr37 •  Sr39 •  Sr40 •  Sr43 •  Sr44 •  Sr45 •  Sr46 •  Sr47 •  Sr50 •  Sr51 •  Sr53

16. Proposals 1.  Need beher interna@onal support for common pool resistance gene combina@ons a)  support marker-‐assisted selec@on b)  monitor genes in candidate varie@es c)  rapidly ﬁx and replace weak combina@ons 2.  Need reserved set of genes for higher level of stewardship a)  share with any responsible party b)  following stewardship rules is mandatory

17. A Chain is Only As Strong As the Weakest Link

18. We’re All In This Together

19. If you want to join the rust-‐genes listserv on Google Groups then email: robert.bowden@ars.usda.gov or jbakum@gmail.com

20. The Importance of Being Earnest Norman E. Borlaug Norman Ernest Borlaug

Waste Not, Want Not: The Importance of Being Earnest About Gene Stewardship

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